By Philip Thanglienmang M.A(Linguistics)
PULAHNA
Kam, Hâm(Language)
Mihing pawlte kihoutuona dinga kizang siemthu awginsahna(vocal symbol)thumal kizah chiengin Kam ahilouleh Hâm a’ng suoh hi. Mihing pawl khat sunga mimalham(idiolect) tuomtuomte a’ng kigawmkhawm khu Kam ahi(Hocket 1958: 322).
Zilthu hâmtengte khu Kam ahi. Tam bangin Kam ahisihleh Hâm pen mipil dangdangte’n zong amauh ngaidân chiet un Kam bang ahiei chi pen a gen chiet uhhi.
Kamsuichienna(Linguistics)
Science pilna, siemna leh a vanzahte zang a, mihing hâm leh pâu(kam) suikhietna khu Linguistics kichi ahi. Zokam in Kamsuichienna i chi ding hi.
Linguistics subject sungah ham suichienna chituomtuom a om a, kamham chizie dungzuiin linguistics chituomtuomte in ding chiet uhhi. Linguistics chituomtuomte ahileh; general linguistics ahilouleh theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, historical linguistics leh applied linguistics ahihi. Tamte khat poupou pen ham(kam) khat suichienna in a kizangthei hi.
General linguistics thusimte a kuon in, historical leh comparative linguistics suichienthei ahi. Historical linguistics khanletdan suichienna dingin kam/ham masa thusimte chienthei a kul a, tualeh ham hing pieng nuakhiate theichien ngai ahi.
Kamsuichienna Tângthu(History of Linguistics)
Hâm pen mihingte hinkhuo dinga poimaw mama khat ahi. Nichin I hinkhuo manna u’ah, I zang u’a, I ham u’a, I neh I tah uh ma bangin I ngaisut u’a, sil leh ten bangin I tuot u’a, ham bang ahiei chi’n thuhtahin I ngaituo ngai sih uhhi. Ngaituo thuh ding sil in zong I na tuot lou mai thei uhhi. Ahivangin, kamsuisiemte(linguists) dingin ham kichi pen scientific tah a suichienthei sil lu khat ahi,chiin a pom uhhi.
India gam ah, kamsuichienna(linguistics) lamsang toh kisai in genta lei, Mangpa Jesu Krist pienma kumzalom tampi peisa hun khanglui lai pat a na kipan ahitabou hi. India gam sunga khangluimite in kamsuichienna lam na habawl na pen uh, bangzieh e, I chi leh, a labu siengthoute sunga kamgindan, hamgindan leh awsuo a na kepbit nading u’a, chientah, mantah, dihtah leh thuhtah a a na suidoh uh ahi.
Linguistics tângthu sût ding chi lei pen ngaituona tampi na op te lah a hing kitengkhie pawlkhat I sim ding uh ahi bep hi. Lâipil tampite na ngaituosa uh hâm ahilouleh kam tungtâng toh kisai sim ding tampi om na lâi hi. Mihing khat in leitung a linguistics khangthu toh kisai pilnate amatang a amawh theisuoh thei ding ahi sih hi. Ngaidân zâtzât leh thusim na omsate mun leh gamkai dungzuiin a kibang kim sih a, tuotdân chi tuomtuom leh thusim tuomtuom na om ahimanin, a khang akhang in na tuotdânte na kibang suoh thei lou phot na hihi.
Greek/Grikte ngaituonate
Hâm toh kisai lâibu na omsate patsa i et chiengin, heipen a pat ding ahiei chi pen tuot hasa mama hi. Lâibu na omsate lah a patsa in hâm tângthu poimaw mamate hkitengkhie in tuate kisim ahi.
Europ gamkai sungpan a sim dingin, Greco-Roman khanglâi a hâmkam(linguistic)/ kamhâm pilna na kimukhie lâibute, Pederson in Linguistic science in nineteenth century a na na mukhiette, Chomsky in hâm lam toh kisai a pilna a na suikhietteng, kumzalom 17 sunga lâigielte, kumzalom 10 tuom lah vêl leh Khahlawna hun a na kigielteng, tamteng na kisim deu ahihi.
Asia gamkai dingin gênta lei pen Chinate, Arabte leh Indiate kamsuisiem mipilte tampi na om tham hi. Kamsuichienna pen tu hun chiengin pilna lien dangdangte toh kikim in dinmun a neita hi. Kamhâm pilna lam pen mihingte theina leh zilna ahilouleh tawndân ngaina bangin sil peisate khanglui pilna leh siemna kigawmkhawm a, mâilam mânawt ahi. Nâupang khat a nêu pan a a’ng khanlet bangin kamhâm pilna ahilouleh kamsuichienna pen nâupang bangin na khanglien toutou zêl a, tuni chiengin pilna khangliensate toh kitêthei khop in dinmun a neita hi. Nâupang khat a’ng khanlet chienga khotheina, kihlenna, gentheina leh hamsatna a’ng tuo tou ma bangin kamsuichienna in zong tuachi bang kihlenna leh khanletna na tuoh hi. Vannei(environment) optan dungzuiin kamsuichienna zong tuachiin na khangtoutou a thatkhat thu a, hing kipan ahi tuon sih hi. Peimasate lâigielte, khanglui thusim na omsate leh kamhâm pilna na omsate ettê kawm in, kamsuichienna(linguistics) na piching thei pan hi.
Europ gamkai a kamsuichienna thupitahin na khangtou mama hi, chi pen I theita uhhi. Himaleh, tam gamkai a kamsuichienna na khanlettheina pen gam pulam patsa kamhâm pilna na kipolut zêl ahiziehin tuni tam bang dinmun ah a’ng omthei pan giap ahi bou hi. Adieh in, gênta lei, India gamkai sungpan a khanglui kamsuichiente(ancient linguistics) na puohkhiet; Sanskrit Grammar leh Phonology(Ogindân) patsa kamsuichienna pen pichingtahin Europ gam ah na kizilthei hi. Europ gamkai sungpan a leitung pilna zousie na piengkhie dân a a’ng op chiengin, tam kamsuichienna zong Europ gamkai pansa hing khangkhie dân in leitung ah a’ng kipomdohta hi. Tachi ahivangin, Europte pen kamsuichiena lam ah a na masa uh ahi china hi malmal lou hi. Europ gam a kamsuisiemte’n a kithupisahna(superiority) ding uh bangma a om tuon sih hi. Phonetic leh Phonological Theory lamsang enta lei, India gam sunga khanglui kamsuisiemte na tuotdohte leh na gieldohte leh Europ gam a kamsuisiemte mukhiette uh a kitêkâh chiengin India kamsuisiemte mukhiette pen nâhpitahin a sângzaw hi. Tam bang I chi chiengin Europ gam kamsuisiemte mukhiette pen India kamsuisiemte mukhiette sângin ngiemzaw mama hi.
Europ gamkai kamsuisiemte masawnna deu ahileh, nidanglâia khanglui Greek kamsuisiemte lâigielte pansia in Europ gam kamsuichienna tângthu na kisûtthei hi. India gamkai a Sanskrit kam a lâigielte pen a na kipatkhietdân leh a bul a bâlte na kithei khol lou ahi. Rom kumpi gamkai sunga kamsuisiemte’n Grik lâipilte thusim leh theikhiette na sût toutou zê u’a, tuachiin Latin grammariante in Middle Age lâipilte kungah na pesawnthei uhhi. Tuana kuon in, Romante lênggam mun leh gam ah, lâipilte khanletna toh kituoh in Khahlawna hunlâi in leitung mun tuomtuom ah a na kithêdal hi. A khang akhang in, thusim theite leh theinate a na kikhêl zêl hi. Tuachiin, Europ gamkai sunga kamsuisiemte pen kamhâm pilna lamsang ah gam thâ sât masate toh dinmun khat a koithei ahi. Ta bang ahimanin, Europ gamkai sunga kamhâm pilna khangthu pen leitung buppi adinga kamsuichienna khangthu chi dinga kilawm ahihi.
Kamsuichienna khangthu a kisût chiengin Grik lâipilte na mukhiette pansia in a kisui zêl hi. Hâm toh kisai a, Grik mipilte na suidohte pen tuniin zil pen leh sim pen khat a’ng suoh hi.Grikte na luo na gamte; Asia Minor tumlam tuipipang, Aegean tuikuolgamte, Sicily suolang tuipipangte, Itali simgam leh mun dangdangte pen gam nuom leh gam gâsuong na mun a na hi ziehin amate pilna lam leh lâipilna lam ah na khanglien masa pen uhhi. Grikte na khanletna toh kizuiin amate lah ah lâipil mi tampi na piengkhie hi.
Khanglui Grik mipilte’n kamsuichienna lam ah a na lunglut mama u’a, tami lamsang ah amate pen mimaste ahi uhhi. Kum tampi kamsuichienna lam ah a na nâh suithûh uhhi. Kamsuichienna toh kisai in thusim tampi a na gieldoh uhhi. Europ gamkai sunga dingin Grikte pen lâigieldân leh lâigelte(written text) thûhtah leh dihtah a na suikhe masate na hi uhhi. A hâm gielkhietdân leh a hâm uh peidân tawndân tângpi na suikhemasate ahi uhhi. Europ gamkai sunga Classical European Grammar a na puohkhiet bân u’ah, grammar suikhietna lam ah kumzalom tampi na makâi uhhi.
Grik lâiplite’n ngaituona(philosophy) tuomtuomte a’ng ngaituo chiengun hâm(kam) lam hing pienkhietdânt ah a na lunglut u’a, hâm bul leh bâl na suithupi uhhi.
Grikte guoh hilou in, hâm bang na chi pienkhiet ahiei? chi pen leitung tânga tuon patsa mihing lungsim a na thâm zing ahi. Khanglui Grik tângthusût Herodotus in Aigupta lêngpa Psametichus tângthu khat na giel hi. Psametichus in nâusên ni a pienkhiet u’a, pansa in, bang hâm in a hâm mawngmawng uoi, chi thei nuom na ziehin, koima toh kimulou dingin a dâitha(isolate) hi. Tângthu kigendân in, tuami nâusênte a’ng hâmkhiet theithei patsa un, ‘bekos’ thumal a kam u’a, patsa’n ahing pawtdoh a, tuami kammal pen Phrygian hâm in ‘tanghla’ china ahihi, tuaziehin Phrygian hâm pen leitung pumpi a hâm upapen ahi, a na chi hi.
Hâm pienkhietzie thusim
Vânnei awgingte tûtna patsa hâm piendân thusim pen Manghâm in Nativistic or Dingdong Theory of origin of language a kichi hi.a Tulâi hun chienga kithei dânin hâm hing pienkhietdân pen vannei awgingte(sounds in nature) kitut nuom a kuon a hing piengkhie ahi a kichi hi.
Hâm pienkhietzie suina toh kisai a lungbuoinate(Glottogonistic problems; problems relating to the origin of language)
Khanglui mipil ngaituomite(philosophers) in hâm kichi pen hâtangtahin na suichien sawm let uhhi. Ngaituonate lamsang thute a na kikup chiengun hâm toh kisai buoinate na pieng zêl hi.
Kamsuichienna toh kizuiin, mihing hâmtengte leh awgingte bangchi dân in a kichimat ahiei? chi thute tampi na kikum zêl uh a, na buoipi uhhi. Tam bang kikupna pen a kigêndânin, Protagors(480-410 B.C) in a na puohkhiet ahi chi pawl a na om a, pawlkhat in Pythogoras(572-497 B.C) in a na puohdoh ahi a na chi uhhi. Bangbang hitaleh, Grik lâipilte na puohkhiet ahi chi pen i theichienta uhhi.
Analogists pawlte tuotdânin hâm pen vannei silpieh(gift of nature) ahi chiin na gingta uh a, mihing tawndân patsa hing kipan ahi sih hi, achi uhhi. Tuachi ahitâhleh, kawikhat ah, dih veve hi, aziehpen, thumal awgin leh a sunga a khietna pen kituohtahin a om a, a kitheichien thei hi.
Ngaituonate, pilna, siemna, khutsiemna(artistic work), etnuomhuoite(aesthetic), vâihawmna(administration), politigs, khankhuo(tradition), pienhoina ahilouleh gamtathoi(moral) leh lungsim khantouna lamsang pen Europ gamkai sunga dingin Grikte patsa hing kipandoh ahi.
Grik Klassical Khang(Age) hunlâia, Grikte lâipilte’n a na tuotkhiette leh suikhietdohte zousie a kuon in, pilna tuomtuomte Europ mipilte’n a na lasawn u’a, tuniin amaute pen lungsim, ngaituona leh kam pilna lamsang ah lungsim a u leh nâu ahi uhhi. Bangzieh a, bangchi dân a, Grikte tuachi lawmlawm a, na pil na siem masa uh ahiei? chi pen theichien hamsa mama hi. Leitung tawp dongin azieh kitheithei lou maithei ahi tazen hi.
Babylonmite sângin Grikte a na pil mama zaw u’a, na khanglienzaw uhhi. Kamsuisiem Bloomfield in Grikte pilku dân a ‘Tânglâi a Grikte’n, midangte’n thu khat a na thu sim lou pou pen khu a suichien zêl uhhi’ Tam ahi, Grikte leh midangte na kibahlouna , chiin a hil hi.
Grikte’n tua hunlâi in zong midangte hâm dang na omzou ahi, chi pen a thei thamta uhhi.
Summetbawlna leh gam uhna lamsang toh kisaiin, Grikte leh zâtdangte na kisukha tham dingun a kigingta hi. Grikte gam uhna gam a, zâtdangte, namdangte hâm leh pâu na za zou, na theizou ta ding uhhi. Gamdang leh Namdangte hâmtengte pen Grik hâm sunga a na kilâhlutzou ding ginlelna thute na kikumzou uhhi. Grik hâm sunga gamdangmite hâmteng/thumal/thuteng a na kilalut zel hiva chipen upmaw thute leh ngaisutna pen Herodotus, Plato(Cratylus Dialogue) tegel in na tuotpha hi.
Tânglâi Grik hâm pen hâmnêu tampi in na kikhenthei hi. Mun tuomtuomte ah, mi tamlou in a na têngton u’a, amauh tum chietin, a na khosa let uhhi. Grikte chipen Grik hampawlte tênna gamkai pen a gam opdân singtâng gam pien a na hi a, tuikuolgam nêunêute ah na têng u’a, a na kithêzâh uhhi. Tuami thamlou, gâllêng namdangte’n a gam uh a na luogam u’a, a na opkhum let uhhi. Tuaziehin, tam bangin hâmnêu tuomtuomte na piengkhie ahi, chiin mipilte’n ei hil hi.
Hinanleh, tam hâmnêute pen hâm khat pansa na piengkhie(originated) leh na pieldoh(diverged) a na hihi. Tami hâmnêu kisûnte ziehin in hâmpi khat nei dânin a na kingaisutthei chiet u’a, tuami ngaituona in Grik mipi pumlum pen chi khat sa khat in a na gamkhawmzou hi.
Grik mipite a khuo khuo, a gam gam, a tui tui a zâlenna nei a kivâipuoh chiet in a na khosa uhhi.
Mângkam in Greek ‘City States’ a kichi hi. A khuokhuo, a tuitui in zâlêntahin na kivâihawm let uhhi.Khang tampitah, amauh leh amauh, gâl leh sa a a na kisim u’a, luong leh bân, lu leh sa a na kilâhtuo vângun, kumzalom 5 hunlâiin, namdangmi Persia gâlhângmite in a na lu u’a, na sim let chiengun Grik mipite na kithutuona let uh khat ahileh; Grik mite pen sisan khat, hâm khat neite ahi uhhi, chiin hatangpet zên in, a mêlmate uh a na doudâl let uhhi.
Grikte hâmnêute pen a unpi in na kigielkhe tuon sih hi. A poimaw leh a zau deuteng bep na kigielkhie hi. Kholâi hâmnêu(spoken dialect) simlouin, Grik lâitheite’n Homer laphuo ‘Illiad’ leh ‘Odyssey’ tegêl pen tua hunlâia Grikte hâmnêu khatbêh toh kibang in a na tuot sih uhhi.
Tamte pen mipi kikhopna munchin ah a na sim let u’a, lahâm thupi mama khat in a na ngaisut uhhi.
B.C Kum tûl (first millennium 1000 B.C) kipat tuom in Grikte lâiteng na kipokheta hi. Tuami lâiteng zahdân pen Attic(Athenia) khanglet hun in na kizang thupita hi. Roman kumpi a’ng khanlet toh kizuiin tumlam Grikte lâiteng zuiin Roman lâiteng a na piengkhie a, tuniin leitung pumpi ah, lâigieldân lâiteng kithêzâh tampen leh zah tampen a suohta hi.
Grik gam sungah lâigieldân leh lâiteng khang nitah a tuomtuom in na khanglien hi. B.C 2000 hun lâiin Mycenaceante in kammal gindân(syllabic sound or syllabic writing system) leh milim(logogram) zang in lâigieldân khat na pokhie uhhi. Tam pen linear B a kichi hi. Hun sawtpi kuomtah tam lâigielte simthei louin na om hi. Grikte hâm kunglui vawt pen khat in a kituot hi.
Khangmiel(Dark ages) hunlâi in Dorian gâlhângte’n Grik gamte a na sim u’a, tuaziehin, Grikte’n a lâitengte uh leh a lâigieldânte uh a na mansuota uhhi.
Grikte lâiteng tailouin, Aigupta gam ah zong lâigieldân lâiteng leh milim na kizang hi. China gam ah zong lâigieldân na kizang zou hi. Aztecte in zong lâigieldân na nei zou tham hi. Amaute lâigieldân pen milim, salim, valim, singlim leh kawmu lim(sign, shapes) chi pou a na zah uh ahi.
Grikte’n Phoenician lâigieldân a na zang uhhi. Tami lâigieldân sungah, odâite(consonants), kawmulimte(signs) leh ogingte(vowels) a na kizang let hi.
Grikte pen lâiteng leh lâigieldân pokhe masapente a kichithei tuon sih hi. Bangzieh e?, i chi leh, amate’n Hebrewte lâiteng sunga odâite pawlkhat zangin a lâiteng sung u’ah oging díngin pawlkhat in na kawm uhhi. Grikte tâumui in a gendan in, Cadmus in tuipigâl(overseas) pansa in Grikte lah ah lâiteng leh lâigieldân a na polut hi, chithu na om ngai a, tua ahimanin, Grikte lâiteng kunglui a na kipatkhietna pen khuolgam ahi chiin a kingaisut hi.
Grik lâipilte’n thuteng Grammatko a na chi chiengun, lâithei, lâiteng zahdân thei, lâigielthei, lâisiemthei mi a na china ahi. Lâisiemthei leh lâigielthei pen Technique grammatical thei na chi uhhi.
Socrates ngaituonate
Socrates in lâiteng zahdân tungtâng thu ‘Dialogue’ kichi thusim sungah na gielzou hi. Kumzalam 5 B.C hun tuom in Grik lâipilte na kidohbuoina leh na kihoulimna uh thupipen khat ahileh; thuteng/thumal/kammal adiehin hâm(kam) leh pâu in bangchi dâna a khietna a’ng neithei ahiei? chi thu pen na buoipi sawt mama uhhi.
Socrates in a na ngaisutdân pen; sil min mi min khatpoupou in a thumal ogindân khat chiet a kinei uh a, tam bang min leh ogin pen sil khat poupou, tualeh min khat poupou in a min dihtah khat a kinei hi. Tam banga thumal opdân pen Grik leh namdangte’a a kibang kim hi, chiin na ngaituozou hi.
‘Onoma’ minlawna(noun) pen thuguiching sunga themnêu pen ahi achi hi. Tuaziehin, mi hilna ding leh vanzah poimaw pen ahi, chiin a na gen hi.Minlawna chini a om hi. Minlawnakop leh minlawna tam. Thumalte pen silpienzie leh optandân dungzuia piengthei ahi a chi hi.
Ama ngaisutdân ahileh, lâiteng peidân tângpi pen sil ahilouleh min potu optandân leh pienzie dungzuia na kiphuo ahi, chiin na um hi. Tam banga a ngaisutnate etshana dingin, minlawnakop khat ‘Poseidon’ thumal pen posi ‘feet’ ahilouleh ‘pous ‘feet’ leh desmos ‘a fetter’ kigawmton a hing piengkhie hiva chiin a gen hi. A min phuo masapa’n Poseidon adingin tuitung a pei hasa va chia a na gel zieha, tuachi bang min a na vawpieh hi, chiin a gen hi. Tua thumalte gel tamtah a gawmkhawm mai hilouin, a kilaw chienga a ginngai(euphony) nadinga lâiteng pawlkhatte na kipâikhedoh hiva chithu a gen hi.
Minlawna tamte pen a lawdân leh a ogindân bai leh hasatna toh kizuiin om deu hileh kilawm chi thu a na gen hi. ‘lambda’ i chi chiengin i kam sungah i lei pen a kitholsuh a, tuachiin ‘l’ zah dingin a kilawm a, phi i chi chiengin I hu tampi sêngin a kilou let a, lungthah chienga I hu beibei a I kisên toh kibang a sim ziehin, ‘ph’ zah dingin a kituoh deu hi. Tachi banga, lâitengte a kiman vangin, a Socrates mudân in, a kilebul zong tampi a om veve hi. Ettênna in, ‘skleetotes’ sunga ‘l’ a op vangin, a khau lam genna ahi vethou hi. Cratylus ngaisutdân ahileh hichi ahi; Lâiteng zahdân leh lâigieldân pen azangmite kithukimna(agreement) ahisihleh zûidân(convention or custom), zahdân ahi ngengngong hi. Tam bang thuteng/lâiteng in a kawmuna lim pen a kihlengthei zêl ahi. Thuteng khatpoupou a kihlen malaisie a dih ahia, a kawmu pen khu hâmzangte(speakers) in a pomkip lâisie uh, a mân ahihi. Hâmzangte in tua thuteng/thumal/kammal khu a kawmu lim a’ng hlen chiengun, a khietna tuompi khat a’ng neita ding hi. Tuaziehin, lâigieldân dihtah leh mântah heipen chi genchien thei ahi tuon sih hi. Aziehpen, lâiteng kibang hitave’n a kibanglou hitave’n, khumte pen sil/min kibang ahilouleh kibangloute dinmun a zong pansahthei kuom(veve) ahihi. Kithukimana leh zahdân na omsa, tuate toh lâiteng na kizang toutou zêl ahibou hi, chiin a gen hi. Tua ahiziehin, i lungsim sunga omte khu i hing hâmkhiet chiengin tam lâiteng zahdânte leh peipidânte in pulahna a’ng neisah hi.
Hâm thu toh kisai a, Plato ngaisutnate
Greek lâipil(scholar) leh philosopher Plato in B.C hun kumzalom 4th kipat lâiin, in zong kamsuichienna lam toh kisai thu leh la nempi dohna leh dawnna tampi a na podohzou hi.
Theatus leh Sophists sungah hâm lamsang toh kisai a na ngaisutnate a kimuthei hi.
Thuteng/thumal zang a thugên maimai sângin i lungsim, hâm leh sil/min kigênkhete kinâidân, kizawitawndân leh poimawdân a na mukhie hi.
Plato in thumal/kamteng i zahte uh leh sil mi kipete a kizopna a op ngai sese amah? chiin na gelchien hi. Plato in tam bang kizopna a om sih hi, chiin na pang hi.
Vannei a sil pawlkhat a kigawmthei lou ma bangin, thuteng pawlkhatte gawmthei, pawlkatte gawmtheilou in, a om hi.
Lungsim peipidân khat zuia, silte i tuotdânte uh, i minvawdânte uh a kingaisut chiengin, tam atunga kigen thusim toh a’ng kizawitawn deu hi.
Ama’n a ngaisutdân, pen thutengte bangchidân a dihtah a guol a, thugui(statement) mântah leh a khietna(definition) dihtah suichien thei ahiei chi khu a na khuolchien hi. Tuana kuon in, Formal logic a na pokhie hi.
Sophists lâibu sungah, Plato in onoma leh rhema thutengte a khietnate a na hilchien hi. Plato in rhema pen ‘nasêm’ a chia, onoma pen ‘nasêmtu’ min ahi, achi hi. Onoma ‘name’ Rhema ‘phrase or saying’ , tulâi grammar(hâmdih) in genta lei, noun leh verb chithei ahi. Logos ‘thuguiching(sentence)’ china ahi. Plato in Grikte hâmnêu tuomtuomte a thei a, chientahin a khenkhethei hi.Grik hâm in namdangte thumal a kawmte nasan zong a na thei hi. Plato in Hippias patsa a na zildoh hiva, chithu na ki-um hi.
Ama’n logic leh grammar a na khenkhe sih hi. Grammaticke teche pen grammar chia lethei ahi, tami lâibu in lâiteng kiguoldân leh kigawmdânte a na hil a, morphology ahilouleh syntax thute bangma a na genkha kawi sih hi. Grikte lâiteng zûidân thute bou a na gên hi.
Silte leh a minte kizawitawn ahi chi thu pen ama’n a pom sih a, hâm khat sunga peipidân leh zahdân kizui a, hâmtengte kisiem ahi achi hi.
Ahivangin, ama’n, tam hâm leh thumalte bangchidân a, dânpi khat zui loua, amathuthu a, na piengkhie ahiei? chi zong na suidoh sawm tuon sih hi.
Aristotle ngaisutnate
Ahivangin, ama sangnaupang Greek laipil Aristotle in kamteng leh sil minte pen a kizopna om ahi, chiin na lêpan leuleu hi.Aristotle gêndân in, kamteng/thumal/thuteng leh sil min(a lim, a guong) ahileh tuami hâmzangte zûidân(convention) lâhdân leh, amauh leh amauh kithukimdân(agreement) ahi leltah hi chiin a na gen hi. Tulâia, kamsuisiemte pomdân tam bang ahi. Kamsuisiemte ngâidân ahileh ganhing khat min tuomtuom nei pen azieh a om sese a, a om ngai vatêh sih hi. Tuachiin Mangkam a dog kichi pen, German kam in hund, French kam in chien, Spanish kam in perro, Russian ham in sobaka, Hindi ham in kuttā, Kannada hām in nāyi, Zokam/Zohâm in ûi leh kamdangte ah a min tuomtuom a kivaw hi.
Stoic ngaituona(Stoic Philosophy)
Kumzalom B.C 4th hun tuom a ngaituotute pawlkhatte khu Stoics na kichi uhhi.
Tuate lah a ngaituotu minthang tawpna penpa Roman kumpi Marcus Aurelus(161-180 A.D) ahi.
Amate pen ngaituotu Aristotle nuazuite; Peripatetics kichi pawl demsete ahi uhhi.
Kamsuichienna lam ah nasep nempi a na nei uhhi. Tua hun chienga, symbol/sign kichi pen ‘semanion’ chiin na minvaw uh hi. Akhietna ‘meaning’ pen semainomenon na chi uh hi. Ogindân, kamteng, thuteng osuodân chite a na pokhie uh hi.
Hâm zahna ah, a khietna neilou kamteng ‘legein’ a na pokhie u’a, a khietna nei thuteng ‘propheresthai’ a na podoh uh hi. Tam bang thuteng a na puohkhiet ziehun awgindân zilna(phonetic study) lamsang ah a’ng kimangthei hi.
Paanini leh Sanskrit hâm
Iran leh India gamkai teng a hâm inkuonteng pen Indo-Iranian ahilouleh nidanglâi in Aryan(Indo
Aryan) a na kichi hi. Rigveda late lâhkhawm pansa in Sanskrit hâm a’ng kimuthei hi. Kumzalom 1000 B.C hun a na kigielkhie hi dinga gintat ahi. Huikhuo opdân hoilou ziehin lâgielte na kigawlching theita ahi. Akhang akhang in, thu leh la, kam leh mua in na kipesawnsawn zel uhhi.
Siempute’n kithoina phuiteng a na zahzah uh, ahimanin, kum B.C 400 tuom in hamdîhsiem(grammarian)s Paanini in a na gielkhie pan hi, chiin a kigen hi.
Kumzalom tampi Sanskrit na khanlet zouin, Sanskrit pansa in Prakrit na piengkhie hi. Prakrit hâm pen Buddhism biehna a’ng khanlet toh kizuiin na khangtou tou hi.
Sanskrit lâipil Paanini(circa 500) in kamsuichienna toh kisain, Sanskrit grammar Astādhyāyī(600-300 B.C) kichi laibu sungah na giellutzou hi.
Sanskrit hâm pen hâm pichingtah, kituptah, hausatah, loupitah ahi., Bloomfield in, mihing pilna muolsuong thupi ahi, chiin a na gen hi.
Tamil grammar laibu; Tolkāppiyam
Tam ban ah, Tamil grammar laibu; Tolkāppiyam(3rd century B.C). Tam laibu gel in, tua laia, mite hamdan leh awsuodan hoitah leh kituptahin a na giellut uhhi. Tuachiin, Hemachandra(12th century A.D) in Prakrit hamleng a na gielchien a, ham tangthu giellut dan a na bawl masapen hi. India mite pen amauh kam/hâm mai a na poimaw ngai ziehun, amauh hâm leh midangte ham kitêkâh ding thute na buoipi sih u’a, tuaziehin, comparative linguistics(kamsuichien kitêkāhnate) lam a na sai vet sih uhhi. India gam sungah, linguistics zilna lampang pen kum 2500 malai a patsa na kithei ahitabou hi, leitung kamsuisiemte’n a na mangngil uh hileh kilawm ta bou hi. Tulai linguistics kichi pen kum zani zathum maimai upa ahi bep hi. Tumlam kamsuisiemte’n Sansksrit ham a na muchien zieh u’a, India gam sunga linguistics a na upatdan leh a na khanletdan hing kitheichien pan ahihi.
Catholic siempute na khumsate
Kumzalom 19th hun sungin lâilam sang mawngmawng pilna siemna na khangtou mama hi. Adiehdiehin kamsuisiemte Grimm, Whitney, Meyer-Lirbke, Max Muller, Burgmann, August Schleicher, Franz Boaz, Edward Sapir, Bloomfield te’n kamsuichienna lampang a na khangliensah mama uhhi.
Kumzalom tampi peisa hunte ah, Roman Catholic siempute’n India gam ah hâm tampite na zilzou un, na khumzou uh hi. Sir William Jones in Sanskrit a na zil masangin, Catholic uhpite (Portuguese, French, German) leh Catholic siempute’n India gam sunga hâm leh pâu tampite a na zilzou u’a, a na gielkhie zou uh hi. Italian Filipo Sassetti in Lingua Sanscruta na giel lâibu sungah Italian thuteng leh Sanskrit thumal kibang tampi a om hi, chiin na khumzou hi.
Sir William Jones
Khahlawna khang patsa in Europ hitaleh America hitaleh, lâipilte tampi na piengkhie u’a, leitung pilna na belapzou uhhi. Kum 1786 kum in East India Company a nasêmpa; Sir William Jones in Royal Asiatic Society Calcutta mun ah, ama na mukhiet thusim a na simdoh hi. Ama’n a na mukhietdân ahileh, Sanskrit, Latin, Greek leh Germanic hâmte na kitanâu uh ahi chiin a na hil hi.
Sanskrit hâm hausatdân(richness), guong loupi, pichindân(exquisiteness) kitupdân(perfection) leh a kungluidân a na hilchien hi. Latin sângin a hausazaw a, Greek sângin a kitupzaw hi, a chi hi.
Sansrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Celtic hâmte pen hâmbul(proto-language) khat pansa na piengkhie hi, chiin na gen hi. Tam bang kamsuichienna lam toh kisai a, phuonkhietna a’ng nei a patin, kamsuichienna lam ah lâipilte a na thalawp mama uhhi. Tam bang mukhietna kuon in, Mângkam/Mânghâm suichienna nasatahin a na kibawl toutou a, Mângkam tângthu leh Mângkam kungluite na kisuidoh hi. Tuachiin, tam hâm kitanâu zousie pen Indo-European Innkuon Hâmte (Indo-European Family of languages) chiin a’ng kiminvawta a, tuana kuon in historical linguistics pen subject tuom vilvel khat in a’ng kitawita hi.
Mângkam a kisun; Sanskrit grammar masapen kumzalom 19 hun laiin na kisunzou hi.
Jacob Grimm(1785-1863) in Deutsche Grammatical kum 1818 kum in na suo hi. Khanglui leh Tulâi Germanic hâm hâmdih guongte (grammatical structures) tomkim in a hilchien hi. Kum 1822 kum in German, Sanskrit, Latin leh Germanic hâmteng a ogin kibahdânte a hilchien hi.
Tam lâibu sunga ogin kihlendânte ‘sound shifts’ khu Grimm’s Law kichi ahi.
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PULAHNA
Kam, Hâm(Language)
Mihing pawlte kihoutuona dinga kizang siemthu awginsahna(vocal symbol)thumal kizah chiengin Kam ahilouleh Hâm a’ng suoh hi. Mihing pawl khat sunga mimalham(idiolect) tuomtuomte a’ng kigawmkhawm khu Kam ahi(Hocket 1958: 322).
Zilthu hâmtengte khu Kam ahi. Tam bangin Kam ahisihleh Hâm pen mipil dangdangte’n zong amauh ngaidân chiet un Kam bang ahiei chi pen a gen chiet uhhi.
Kamsuichienna(Linguistics)
Science pilna, siemna leh a vanzahte zang a, mihing hâm leh pâu(kam) suikhietna khu Linguistics kichi ahi. Zokam in Kamsuichienna i chi ding hi.
Linguistics subject sungah ham suichienna chituomtuom a om a, kamham chizie dungzuiin linguistics chituomtuomte in ding chiet uhhi. Linguistics chituomtuomte ahileh; general linguistics ahilouleh theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, historical linguistics leh applied linguistics ahihi. Tamte khat poupou pen ham(kam) khat suichienna in a kizangthei hi.
General linguistics thusimte a kuon in, historical leh comparative linguistics suichienthei ahi. Historical linguistics khanletdan suichienna dingin kam/ham masa thusimte chienthei a kul a, tualeh ham hing pieng nuakhiate theichien ngai ahi.
Kamsuichienna Tângthu(History of Linguistics)
Hâm pen mihingte hinkhuo dinga poimaw mama khat ahi. Nichin I hinkhuo manna u’ah, I zang u’a, I ham u’a, I neh I tah uh ma bangin I ngaisut u’a, sil leh ten bangin I tuot u’a, ham bang ahiei chi’n thuhtahin I ngaituo ngai sih uhhi. Ngaituo thuh ding sil in zong I na tuot lou mai thei uhhi. Ahivangin, kamsuisiemte(linguists) dingin ham kichi pen scientific tah a suichienthei sil lu khat ahi,chiin a pom uhhi.
India gam ah, kamsuichienna(linguistics) lamsang toh kisai in genta lei, Mangpa Jesu Krist pienma kumzalom tampi peisa hun khanglui lai pat a na kipan ahitabou hi. India gam sunga khangluimite in kamsuichienna lam na habawl na pen uh, bangzieh e, I chi leh, a labu siengthoute sunga kamgindan, hamgindan leh awsuo a na kepbit nading u’a, chientah, mantah, dihtah leh thuhtah a a na suidoh uh ahi.
Linguistics tângthu sût ding chi lei pen ngaituona tampi na op te lah a hing kitengkhie pawlkhat I sim ding uh ahi bep hi. Lâipil tampite na ngaituosa uh hâm ahilouleh kam tungtâng toh kisai sim ding tampi om na lâi hi. Mihing khat in leitung a linguistics khangthu toh kisai pilnate amatang a amawh theisuoh thei ding ahi sih hi. Ngaidân zâtzât leh thusim na omsate mun leh gamkai dungzuiin a kibang kim sih a, tuotdân chi tuomtuom leh thusim tuomtuom na om ahimanin, a khang akhang in na tuotdânte na kibang suoh thei lou phot na hihi.
Greek/Grikte ngaituonate
Hâm toh kisai lâibu na omsate patsa i et chiengin, heipen a pat ding ahiei chi pen tuot hasa mama hi. Lâibu na omsate lah a patsa in hâm tângthu poimaw mamate hkitengkhie in tuate kisim ahi.
Europ gamkai sungpan a sim dingin, Greco-Roman khanglâi a hâmkam(linguistic)/ kamhâm pilna na kimukhie lâibute, Pederson in Linguistic science in nineteenth century a na na mukhiette, Chomsky in hâm lam toh kisai a pilna a na suikhietteng, kumzalom 17 sunga lâigielte, kumzalom 10 tuom lah vêl leh Khahlawna hun a na kigielteng, tamteng na kisim deu ahihi.
Asia gamkai dingin gênta lei pen Chinate, Arabte leh Indiate kamsuisiem mipilte tampi na om tham hi. Kamsuichienna pen tu hun chiengin pilna lien dangdangte toh kikim in dinmun a neita hi. Kamhâm pilna lam pen mihingte theina leh zilna ahilouleh tawndân ngaina bangin sil peisate khanglui pilna leh siemna kigawmkhawm a, mâilam mânawt ahi. Nâupang khat a nêu pan a a’ng khanlet bangin kamhâm pilna ahilouleh kamsuichienna pen nâupang bangin na khanglien toutou zêl a, tuni chiengin pilna khangliensate toh kitêthei khop in dinmun a neita hi. Nâupang khat a’ng khanlet chienga khotheina, kihlenna, gentheina leh hamsatna a’ng tuo tou ma bangin kamsuichienna in zong tuachi bang kihlenna leh khanletna na tuoh hi. Vannei(environment) optan dungzuiin kamsuichienna zong tuachiin na khangtoutou a thatkhat thu a, hing kipan ahi tuon sih hi. Peimasate lâigielte, khanglui thusim na omsate leh kamhâm pilna na omsate ettê kawm in, kamsuichienna(linguistics) na piching thei pan hi.
Europ gamkai a kamsuichienna thupitahin na khangtou mama hi, chi pen I theita uhhi. Himaleh, tam gamkai a kamsuichienna na khanlettheina pen gam pulam patsa kamhâm pilna na kipolut zêl ahiziehin tuni tam bang dinmun ah a’ng omthei pan giap ahi bou hi. Adieh in, gênta lei, India gamkai sungpan a khanglui kamsuichiente(ancient linguistics) na puohkhiet; Sanskrit Grammar leh Phonology(Ogindân) patsa kamsuichienna pen pichingtahin Europ gam ah na kizilthei hi. Europ gamkai sungpan a leitung pilna zousie na piengkhie dân a a’ng op chiengin, tam kamsuichienna zong Europ gamkai pansa hing khangkhie dân in leitung ah a’ng kipomdohta hi. Tachi ahivangin, Europte pen kamsuichiena lam ah a na masa uh ahi china hi malmal lou hi. Europ gam a kamsuisiemte’n a kithupisahna(superiority) ding uh bangma a om tuon sih hi. Phonetic leh Phonological Theory lamsang enta lei, India gam sunga khanglui kamsuisiemte na tuotdohte leh na gieldohte leh Europ gam a kamsuisiemte mukhiette uh a kitêkâh chiengin India kamsuisiemte mukhiette pen nâhpitahin a sângzaw hi. Tam bang I chi chiengin Europ gam kamsuisiemte mukhiette pen India kamsuisiemte mukhiette sângin ngiemzaw mama hi.
Europ gamkai kamsuisiemte masawnna deu ahileh, nidanglâia khanglui Greek kamsuisiemte lâigielte pansia in Europ gam kamsuichienna tângthu na kisûtthei hi. India gamkai a Sanskrit kam a lâigielte pen a na kipatkhietdân leh a bul a bâlte na kithei khol lou ahi. Rom kumpi gamkai sunga kamsuisiemte’n Grik lâipilte thusim leh theikhiette na sût toutou zê u’a, tuachiin Latin grammariante in Middle Age lâipilte kungah na pesawnthei uhhi. Tuana kuon in, Romante lênggam mun leh gam ah, lâipilte khanletna toh kituoh in Khahlawna hunlâi in leitung mun tuomtuom ah a na kithêdal hi. A khang akhang in, thusim theite leh theinate a na kikhêl zêl hi. Tuachiin, Europ gamkai sunga kamsuisiemte pen kamhâm pilna lamsang ah gam thâ sât masate toh dinmun khat a koithei ahi. Ta bang ahimanin, Europ gamkai sunga kamhâm pilna khangthu pen leitung buppi adinga kamsuichienna khangthu chi dinga kilawm ahihi.
Kamsuichienna khangthu a kisût chiengin Grik lâipilte na mukhiette pansia in a kisui zêl hi. Hâm toh kisai a, Grik mipilte na suidohte pen tuniin zil pen leh sim pen khat a’ng suoh hi.Grikte na luo na gamte; Asia Minor tumlam tuipipang, Aegean tuikuolgamte, Sicily suolang tuipipangte, Itali simgam leh mun dangdangte pen gam nuom leh gam gâsuong na mun a na hi ziehin amate pilna lam leh lâipilna lam ah na khanglien masa pen uhhi. Grikte na khanletna toh kizuiin amate lah ah lâipil mi tampi na piengkhie hi.
Khanglui Grik mipilte’n kamsuichienna lam ah a na lunglut mama u’a, tami lamsang ah amate pen mimaste ahi uhhi. Kum tampi kamsuichienna lam ah a na nâh suithûh uhhi. Kamsuichienna toh kisai in thusim tampi a na gieldoh uhhi. Europ gamkai sunga dingin Grikte pen lâigieldân leh lâigelte(written text) thûhtah leh dihtah a na suikhe masate na hi uhhi. A hâm gielkhietdân leh a hâm uh peidân tawndân tângpi na suikhemasate ahi uhhi. Europ gamkai sunga Classical European Grammar a na puohkhiet bân u’ah, grammar suikhietna lam ah kumzalom tampi na makâi uhhi.
Grik lâiplite’n ngaituona(philosophy) tuomtuomte a’ng ngaituo chiengun hâm(kam) lam hing pienkhietdânt ah a na lunglut u’a, hâm bul leh bâl na suithupi uhhi.
Grikte guoh hilou in, hâm bang na chi pienkhiet ahiei? chi pen leitung tânga tuon patsa mihing lungsim a na thâm zing ahi. Khanglui Grik tângthusût Herodotus in Aigupta lêngpa Psametichus tângthu khat na giel hi. Psametichus in nâusên ni a pienkhiet u’a, pansa in, bang hâm in a hâm mawngmawng uoi, chi thei nuom na ziehin, koima toh kimulou dingin a dâitha(isolate) hi. Tângthu kigendân in, tuami nâusênte a’ng hâmkhiet theithei patsa un, ‘bekos’ thumal a kam u’a, patsa’n ahing pawtdoh a, tuami kammal pen Phrygian hâm in ‘tanghla’ china ahihi, tuaziehin Phrygian hâm pen leitung pumpi a hâm upapen ahi, a na chi hi.
Hâm pienkhietzie thusim
Vânnei awgingte tûtna patsa hâm piendân thusim pen Manghâm in Nativistic or Dingdong Theory of origin of language a kichi hi.a Tulâi hun chienga kithei dânin hâm hing pienkhietdân pen vannei awgingte(sounds in nature) kitut nuom a kuon a hing piengkhie ahi a kichi hi.
Hâm pienkhietzie suina toh kisai a lungbuoinate(Glottogonistic problems; problems relating to the origin of language)
Khanglui mipil ngaituomite(philosophers) in hâm kichi pen hâtangtahin na suichien sawm let uhhi. Ngaituonate lamsang thute a na kikup chiengun hâm toh kisai buoinate na pieng zêl hi.
Kamsuichienna toh kizuiin, mihing hâmtengte leh awgingte bangchi dân in a kichimat ahiei? chi thute tampi na kikum zêl uh a, na buoipi uhhi. Tam bang kikupna pen a kigêndânin, Protagors(480-410 B.C) in a na puohkhiet ahi chi pawl a na om a, pawlkhat in Pythogoras(572-497 B.C) in a na puohdoh ahi a na chi uhhi. Bangbang hitaleh, Grik lâipilte na puohkhiet ahi chi pen i theichienta uhhi.
Analogists pawlte tuotdânin hâm pen vannei silpieh(gift of nature) ahi chiin na gingta uh a, mihing tawndân patsa hing kipan ahi sih hi, achi uhhi. Tuachi ahitâhleh, kawikhat ah, dih veve hi, aziehpen, thumal awgin leh a sunga a khietna pen kituohtahin a om a, a kitheichien thei hi.
Ngaituonate, pilna, siemna, khutsiemna(artistic work), etnuomhuoite(aesthetic), vâihawmna(administration), politigs, khankhuo(tradition), pienhoina ahilouleh gamtathoi(moral) leh lungsim khantouna lamsang pen Europ gamkai sunga dingin Grikte patsa hing kipandoh ahi.
Grik Klassical Khang(Age) hunlâia, Grikte lâipilte’n a na tuotkhiette leh suikhietdohte zousie a kuon in, pilna tuomtuomte Europ mipilte’n a na lasawn u’a, tuniin amaute pen lungsim, ngaituona leh kam pilna lamsang ah lungsim a u leh nâu ahi uhhi. Bangzieh a, bangchi dân a, Grikte tuachi lawmlawm a, na pil na siem masa uh ahiei? chi pen theichien hamsa mama hi. Leitung tawp dongin azieh kitheithei lou maithei ahi tazen hi.
Babylonmite sângin Grikte a na pil mama zaw u’a, na khanglienzaw uhhi. Kamsuisiem Bloomfield in Grikte pilku dân a ‘Tânglâi a Grikte’n, midangte’n thu khat a na thu sim lou pou pen khu a suichien zêl uhhi’ Tam ahi, Grikte leh midangte na kibahlouna , chiin a hil hi.
Grikte’n tua hunlâi in zong midangte hâm dang na omzou ahi, chi pen a thei thamta uhhi.
Summetbawlna leh gam uhna lamsang toh kisaiin, Grikte leh zâtdangte na kisukha tham dingun a kigingta hi. Grikte gam uhna gam a, zâtdangte, namdangte hâm leh pâu na za zou, na theizou ta ding uhhi. Gamdang leh Namdangte hâmtengte pen Grik hâm sunga a na kilâhlutzou ding ginlelna thute na kikumzou uhhi. Grik hâm sunga gamdangmite hâmteng/thumal/thuteng a na kilalut zel hiva chipen upmaw thute leh ngaisutna pen Herodotus, Plato(Cratylus Dialogue) tegel in na tuotpha hi.
Tânglâi Grik hâm pen hâmnêu tampi in na kikhenthei hi. Mun tuomtuomte ah, mi tamlou in a na têngton u’a, amauh tum chietin, a na khosa let uhhi. Grikte chipen Grik hampawlte tênna gamkai pen a gam opdân singtâng gam pien a na hi a, tuikuolgam nêunêute ah na têng u’a, a na kithêzâh uhhi. Tuami thamlou, gâllêng namdangte’n a gam uh a na luogam u’a, a na opkhum let uhhi. Tuaziehin, tam bangin hâmnêu tuomtuomte na piengkhie ahi, chiin mipilte’n ei hil hi.
Hinanleh, tam hâmnêute pen hâm khat pansa na piengkhie(originated) leh na pieldoh(diverged) a na hihi. Tami hâmnêu kisûnte ziehin in hâmpi khat nei dânin a na kingaisutthei chiet u’a, tuami ngaituona in Grik mipi pumlum pen chi khat sa khat in a na gamkhawmzou hi.
Grik mipite a khuo khuo, a gam gam, a tui tui a zâlenna nei a kivâipuoh chiet in a na khosa uhhi.
Mângkam in Greek ‘City States’ a kichi hi. A khuokhuo, a tuitui in zâlêntahin na kivâihawm let uhhi.Khang tampitah, amauh leh amauh, gâl leh sa a a na kisim u’a, luong leh bân, lu leh sa a na kilâhtuo vângun, kumzalom 5 hunlâiin, namdangmi Persia gâlhângmite in a na lu u’a, na sim let chiengun Grik mipite na kithutuona let uh khat ahileh; Grik mite pen sisan khat, hâm khat neite ahi uhhi, chiin hatangpet zên in, a mêlmate uh a na doudâl let uhhi.
Grikte hâmnêute pen a unpi in na kigielkhe tuon sih hi. A poimaw leh a zau deuteng bep na kigielkhie hi. Kholâi hâmnêu(spoken dialect) simlouin, Grik lâitheite’n Homer laphuo ‘Illiad’ leh ‘Odyssey’ tegêl pen tua hunlâia Grikte hâmnêu khatbêh toh kibang in a na tuot sih uhhi.
Tamte pen mipi kikhopna munchin ah a na sim let u’a, lahâm thupi mama khat in a na ngaisut uhhi.
B.C Kum tûl (first millennium 1000 B.C) kipat tuom in Grikte lâiteng na kipokheta hi. Tuami lâiteng zahdân pen Attic(Athenia) khanglet hun in na kizang thupita hi. Roman kumpi a’ng khanlet toh kizuiin tumlam Grikte lâiteng zuiin Roman lâiteng a na piengkhie a, tuniin leitung pumpi ah, lâigieldân lâiteng kithêzâh tampen leh zah tampen a suohta hi.
Grik gam sungah lâigieldân leh lâiteng khang nitah a tuomtuom in na khanglien hi. B.C 2000 hun lâiin Mycenaceante in kammal gindân(syllabic sound or syllabic writing system) leh milim(logogram) zang in lâigieldân khat na pokhie uhhi. Tam pen linear B a kichi hi. Hun sawtpi kuomtah tam lâigielte simthei louin na om hi. Grikte hâm kunglui vawt pen khat in a kituot hi.
Khangmiel(Dark ages) hunlâi in Dorian gâlhângte’n Grik gamte a na sim u’a, tuaziehin, Grikte’n a lâitengte uh leh a lâigieldânte uh a na mansuota uhhi.
Grikte lâiteng tailouin, Aigupta gam ah zong lâigieldân lâiteng leh milim na kizang hi. China gam ah zong lâigieldân na kizang zou hi. Aztecte in zong lâigieldân na nei zou tham hi. Amaute lâigieldân pen milim, salim, valim, singlim leh kawmu lim(sign, shapes) chi pou a na zah uh ahi.
Grikte’n Phoenician lâigieldân a na zang uhhi. Tami lâigieldân sungah, odâite(consonants), kawmulimte(signs) leh ogingte(vowels) a na kizang let hi.
Grikte pen lâiteng leh lâigieldân pokhe masapente a kichithei tuon sih hi. Bangzieh e?, i chi leh, amate’n Hebrewte lâiteng sunga odâite pawlkhat zangin a lâiteng sung u’ah oging díngin pawlkhat in na kawm uhhi. Grikte tâumui in a gendan in, Cadmus in tuipigâl(overseas) pansa in Grikte lah ah lâiteng leh lâigieldân a na polut hi, chithu na om ngai a, tua ahimanin, Grikte lâiteng kunglui a na kipatkhietna pen khuolgam ahi chiin a kingaisut hi.
Grik lâipilte’n thuteng Grammatko a na chi chiengun, lâithei, lâiteng zahdân thei, lâigielthei, lâisiemthei mi a na china ahi. Lâisiemthei leh lâigielthei pen Technique grammatical thei na chi uhhi.
Socrates ngaituonate
Socrates in lâiteng zahdân tungtâng thu ‘Dialogue’ kichi thusim sungah na gielzou hi. Kumzalam 5 B.C hun tuom in Grik lâipilte na kidohbuoina leh na kihoulimna uh thupipen khat ahileh; thuteng/thumal/kammal adiehin hâm(kam) leh pâu in bangchi dâna a khietna a’ng neithei ahiei? chi thu pen na buoipi sawt mama uhhi.
Socrates in a na ngaisutdân pen; sil min mi min khatpoupou in a thumal ogindân khat chiet a kinei uh a, tam bang min leh ogin pen sil khat poupou, tualeh min khat poupou in a min dihtah khat a kinei hi. Tam banga thumal opdân pen Grik leh namdangte’a a kibang kim hi, chiin na ngaituozou hi.
‘Onoma’ minlawna(noun) pen thuguiching sunga themnêu pen ahi achi hi. Tuaziehin, mi hilna ding leh vanzah poimaw pen ahi, chiin a na gen hi.Minlawna chini a om hi. Minlawnakop leh minlawna tam. Thumalte pen silpienzie leh optandân dungzuia piengthei ahi a chi hi.
Ama ngaisutdân ahileh, lâiteng peidân tângpi pen sil ahilouleh min potu optandân leh pienzie dungzuia na kiphuo ahi, chiin na um hi. Tam banga a ngaisutnate etshana dingin, minlawnakop khat ‘Poseidon’ thumal pen posi ‘feet’ ahilouleh ‘pous ‘feet’ leh desmos ‘a fetter’ kigawmton a hing piengkhie hiva chiin a gen hi. A min phuo masapa’n Poseidon adingin tuitung a pei hasa va chia a na gel zieha, tuachi bang min a na vawpieh hi, chiin a gen hi. Tua thumalte gel tamtah a gawmkhawm mai hilouin, a kilaw chienga a ginngai(euphony) nadinga lâiteng pawlkhatte na kipâikhedoh hiva chithu a gen hi.
Minlawna tamte pen a lawdân leh a ogindân bai leh hasatna toh kizuiin om deu hileh kilawm chi thu a na gen hi. ‘lambda’ i chi chiengin i kam sungah i lei pen a kitholsuh a, tuachiin ‘l’ zah dingin a kilawm a, phi i chi chiengin I hu tampi sêngin a kilou let a, lungthah chienga I hu beibei a I kisên toh kibang a sim ziehin, ‘ph’ zah dingin a kituoh deu hi. Tachi banga, lâitengte a kiman vangin, a Socrates mudân in, a kilebul zong tampi a om veve hi. Ettênna in, ‘skleetotes’ sunga ‘l’ a op vangin, a khau lam genna ahi vethou hi. Cratylus ngaisutdân ahileh hichi ahi; Lâiteng zahdân leh lâigieldân pen azangmite kithukimna(agreement) ahisihleh zûidân(convention or custom), zahdân ahi ngengngong hi. Tam bang thuteng/lâiteng in a kawmuna lim pen a kihlengthei zêl ahi. Thuteng khatpoupou a kihlen malaisie a dih ahia, a kawmu pen khu hâmzangte(speakers) in a pomkip lâisie uh, a mân ahihi. Hâmzangte in tua thuteng/thumal/kammal khu a kawmu lim a’ng hlen chiengun, a khietna tuompi khat a’ng neita ding hi. Tuaziehin, lâigieldân dihtah leh mântah heipen chi genchien thei ahi tuon sih hi. Aziehpen, lâiteng kibang hitave’n a kibanglou hitave’n, khumte pen sil/min kibang ahilouleh kibangloute dinmun a zong pansahthei kuom(veve) ahihi. Kithukimana leh zahdân na omsa, tuate toh lâiteng na kizang toutou zêl ahibou hi, chiin a gen hi. Tua ahiziehin, i lungsim sunga omte khu i hing hâmkhiet chiengin tam lâiteng zahdânte leh peipidânte in pulahna a’ng neisah hi.
Hâm thu toh kisai a, Plato ngaisutnate
Greek lâipil(scholar) leh philosopher Plato in B.C hun kumzalom 4th kipat lâiin, in zong kamsuichienna lam toh kisai thu leh la nempi dohna leh dawnna tampi a na podohzou hi.
Theatus leh Sophists sungah hâm lamsang toh kisai a na ngaisutnate a kimuthei hi.
Thuteng/thumal zang a thugên maimai sângin i lungsim, hâm leh sil/min kigênkhete kinâidân, kizawitawndân leh poimawdân a na mukhie hi.
Plato in thumal/kamteng i zahte uh leh sil mi kipete a kizopna a op ngai sese amah? chiin na gelchien hi. Plato in tam bang kizopna a om sih hi, chiin na pang hi.
Vannei a sil pawlkhat a kigawmthei lou ma bangin, thuteng pawlkhatte gawmthei, pawlkatte gawmtheilou in, a om hi.
Lungsim peipidân khat zuia, silte i tuotdânte uh, i minvawdânte uh a kingaisut chiengin, tam atunga kigen thusim toh a’ng kizawitawn deu hi.
Ama’n a ngaisutdân, pen thutengte bangchidân a dihtah a guol a, thugui(statement) mântah leh a khietna(definition) dihtah suichien thei ahiei chi khu a na khuolchien hi. Tuana kuon in, Formal logic a na pokhie hi.
Sophists lâibu sungah, Plato in onoma leh rhema thutengte a khietnate a na hilchien hi. Plato in rhema pen ‘nasêm’ a chia, onoma pen ‘nasêmtu’ min ahi, achi hi. Onoma ‘name’ Rhema ‘phrase or saying’ , tulâi grammar(hâmdih) in genta lei, noun leh verb chithei ahi. Logos ‘thuguiching(sentence)’ china ahi. Plato in Grikte hâmnêu tuomtuomte a thei a, chientahin a khenkhethei hi.Grik hâm in namdangte thumal a kawmte nasan zong a na thei hi. Plato in Hippias patsa a na zildoh hiva, chithu na ki-um hi.
Ama’n logic leh grammar a na khenkhe sih hi. Grammaticke teche pen grammar chia lethei ahi, tami lâibu in lâiteng kiguoldân leh kigawmdânte a na hil a, morphology ahilouleh syntax thute bangma a na genkha kawi sih hi. Grikte lâiteng zûidân thute bou a na gên hi.
Silte leh a minte kizawitawn ahi chi thu pen ama’n a pom sih a, hâm khat sunga peipidân leh zahdân kizui a, hâmtengte kisiem ahi achi hi.
Ahivangin, ama’n, tam hâm leh thumalte bangchidân a, dânpi khat zui loua, amathuthu a, na piengkhie ahiei? chi zong na suidoh sawm tuon sih hi.
Aristotle ngaisutnate
Ahivangin, ama sangnaupang Greek laipil Aristotle in kamteng leh sil minte pen a kizopna om ahi, chiin na lêpan leuleu hi.Aristotle gêndân in, kamteng/thumal/thuteng leh sil min(a lim, a guong) ahileh tuami hâmzangte zûidân(convention) lâhdân leh, amauh leh amauh kithukimdân(agreement) ahi leltah hi chiin a na gen hi. Tulâia, kamsuisiemte pomdân tam bang ahi. Kamsuisiemte ngâidân ahileh ganhing khat min tuomtuom nei pen azieh a om sese a, a om ngai vatêh sih hi. Tuachiin Mangkam a dog kichi pen, German kam in hund, French kam in chien, Spanish kam in perro, Russian ham in sobaka, Hindi ham in kuttā, Kannada hām in nāyi, Zokam/Zohâm in ûi leh kamdangte ah a min tuomtuom a kivaw hi.
Stoic ngaituona(Stoic Philosophy)
Kumzalom B.C 4th hun tuom a ngaituotute pawlkhatte khu Stoics na kichi uhhi.
Tuate lah a ngaituotu minthang tawpna penpa Roman kumpi Marcus Aurelus(161-180 A.D) ahi.
Amate pen ngaituotu Aristotle nuazuite; Peripatetics kichi pawl demsete ahi uhhi.
Kamsuichienna lam ah nasep nempi a na nei uhhi. Tua hun chienga, symbol/sign kichi pen ‘semanion’ chiin na minvaw uh hi. Akhietna ‘meaning’ pen semainomenon na chi uh hi. Ogindân, kamteng, thuteng osuodân chite a na pokhie uh hi.
Hâm zahna ah, a khietna neilou kamteng ‘legein’ a na pokhie u’a, a khietna nei thuteng ‘propheresthai’ a na podoh uh hi. Tam bang thuteng a na puohkhiet ziehun awgindân zilna(phonetic study) lamsang ah a’ng kimangthei hi.
Paanini leh Sanskrit hâm
Iran leh India gamkai teng a hâm inkuonteng pen Indo-Iranian ahilouleh nidanglâi in Aryan(Indo
Aryan) a na kichi hi. Rigveda late lâhkhawm pansa in Sanskrit hâm a’ng kimuthei hi. Kumzalom 1000 B.C hun a na kigielkhie hi dinga gintat ahi. Huikhuo opdân hoilou ziehin lâgielte na kigawlching theita ahi. Akhang akhang in, thu leh la, kam leh mua in na kipesawnsawn zel uhhi.
Siempute’n kithoina phuiteng a na zahzah uh, ahimanin, kum B.C 400 tuom in hamdîhsiem(grammarian)s Paanini in a na gielkhie pan hi, chiin a kigen hi.
Kumzalom tampi Sanskrit na khanlet zouin, Sanskrit pansa in Prakrit na piengkhie hi. Prakrit hâm pen Buddhism biehna a’ng khanlet toh kizuiin na khangtou tou hi.
Sanskrit lâipil Paanini(circa 500) in kamsuichienna toh kisain, Sanskrit grammar Astādhyāyī(600-300 B.C) kichi laibu sungah na giellutzou hi.
Sanskrit hâm pen hâm pichingtah, kituptah, hausatah, loupitah ahi., Bloomfield in, mihing pilna muolsuong thupi ahi, chiin a na gen hi.
Tamil grammar laibu; Tolkāppiyam
Tam ban ah, Tamil grammar laibu; Tolkāppiyam(3rd century B.C). Tam laibu gel in, tua laia, mite hamdan leh awsuodan hoitah leh kituptahin a na giellut uhhi. Tuachiin, Hemachandra(12th century A.D) in Prakrit hamleng a na gielchien a, ham tangthu giellut dan a na bawl masapen hi. India mite pen amauh kam/hâm mai a na poimaw ngai ziehun, amauh hâm leh midangte ham kitêkâh ding thute na buoipi sih u’a, tuaziehin, comparative linguistics(kamsuichien kitêkāhnate) lam a na sai vet sih uhhi. India gam sungah, linguistics zilna lampang pen kum 2500 malai a patsa na kithei ahitabou hi, leitung kamsuisiemte’n a na mangngil uh hileh kilawm ta bou hi. Tulai linguistics kichi pen kum zani zathum maimai upa ahi bep hi. Tumlam kamsuisiemte’n Sansksrit ham a na muchien zieh u’a, India gam sunga linguistics a na upatdan leh a na khanletdan hing kitheichien pan ahihi.
Catholic siempute na khumsate
Kumzalom 19th hun sungin lâilam sang mawngmawng pilna siemna na khangtou mama hi. Adiehdiehin kamsuisiemte Grimm, Whitney, Meyer-Lirbke, Max Muller, Burgmann, August Schleicher, Franz Boaz, Edward Sapir, Bloomfield te’n kamsuichienna lampang a na khangliensah mama uhhi.
Kumzalom tampi peisa hunte ah, Roman Catholic siempute’n India gam ah hâm tampite na zilzou un, na khumzou uh hi. Sir William Jones in Sanskrit a na zil masangin, Catholic uhpite (Portuguese, French, German) leh Catholic siempute’n India gam sunga hâm leh pâu tampite a na zilzou u’a, a na gielkhie zou uh hi. Italian Filipo Sassetti in Lingua Sanscruta na giel lâibu sungah Italian thuteng leh Sanskrit thumal kibang tampi a om hi, chiin na khumzou hi.
Sir William Jones
Khahlawna khang patsa in Europ hitaleh America hitaleh, lâipilte tampi na piengkhie u’a, leitung pilna na belapzou uhhi. Kum 1786 kum in East India Company a nasêmpa; Sir William Jones in Royal Asiatic Society Calcutta mun ah, ama na mukhiet thusim a na simdoh hi. Ama’n a na mukhietdân ahileh, Sanskrit, Latin, Greek leh Germanic hâmte na kitanâu uh ahi chiin a na hil hi.
Sanskrit hâm hausatdân(richness), guong loupi, pichindân(exquisiteness) kitupdân(perfection) leh a kungluidân a na hilchien hi. Latin sângin a hausazaw a, Greek sângin a kitupzaw hi, a chi hi.
Sansrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Celtic hâmte pen hâmbul(proto-language) khat pansa na piengkhie hi, chiin na gen hi. Tam bang kamsuichienna lam toh kisai a, phuonkhietna a’ng nei a patin, kamsuichienna lam ah lâipilte a na thalawp mama uhhi. Tam bang mukhietna kuon in, Mângkam/Mânghâm suichienna nasatahin a na kibawl toutou a, Mângkam tângthu leh Mângkam kungluite na kisuidoh hi. Tuachiin, tam hâm kitanâu zousie pen Indo-European Innkuon Hâmte (Indo-European Family of languages) chiin a’ng kiminvawta a, tuana kuon in historical linguistics pen subject tuom vilvel khat in a’ng kitawita hi.
Mângkam a kisun; Sanskrit grammar masapen kumzalom 19 hun laiin na kisunzou hi.
Jacob Grimm(1785-1863) in Deutsche Grammatical kum 1818 kum in na suo hi. Khanglui leh Tulâi Germanic hâm hâmdih guongte (grammatical structures) tomkim in a hilchien hi. Kum 1822 kum in German, Sanskrit, Latin leh Germanic hâmteng a ogin kibahdânte a hilchien hi.
Tam lâibu sunga ogin kihlendânte ‘sound shifts’ khu Grimm’s Law kichi ahi.
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