WORKSHOP ON THE IMPACT OF HINDI ON THE ZOU MIGRANTS/STUDENTS IN DELHI

Venue: G.K-I, New Delhi Date: 26-27 January 2010.

The conductor Mr. Letminthang read out the programme before the gathering.
The programme began with prayer led by Mr. Kammuanmung., M.Phil, JNU.
Followed by Welcome speech by Mr. Philip Thanglienmang DANICS highlighting the aims and objects of the workshop. He thanked the Director, CIIL, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India, Mysore for supporting the cause of Zou literature and culture.

The conductor Mr. Letminthang led the participants for self-introductions. The following resource persons spoke in this workshop; Mr. Kammuanmung M.Phil, Mr. Paulianthang P.O, Mr. Lamboi, Mr. Khuplian. The workshop was organized in such a way that all the participants shared their experiences of their student life in Delhi for many years. The case of migrant workers also came up for discussions.

Summary of the findings of the workshop
The following are the findings on the impact of Hindi on the Zou migrants/students.
Globalization has great influences on the mother tongue of tribals in general.
The Hindi has great influence upon the migrants in particular and much influence on the students in general. Hindi has enormous impact on the young students as they land up in Delhi for the first time to join colleges or work in part time jobs, where they come in contact with majority Hindi speaking Delhites. They face great difficulties in communications in their daily dealings with the Hindi speakers of Delhi be it in the Bus traveling, Three wheeler travel, shopping or going to college, attending classes where at times lessons are taught and explained in Hindi language. They feel a sense of loss and bewilderment for the first few months of their residence in new environment that is Delhi city. Being educated through English medium back at home, they acknowledged their preferential and biased feeling for English language in place of Hindi language.

The lack of knowledge of Hindi causes a lot of hardships to the students. Many times, due to poor and incompetent communication skills, many experience embarrassments and humiliating feelings in their dealings with mainstream Hindi speakers. The students in particular felt that they at first developed a feeling of dislike for Hindi for the first few months, later on, as time passes by, due the influence of their classmates and the city life itself, they come to realize gradually that they could not avoid learning Hindi and so they greatly feel the urgent need to know workable Hindi language.

As years roll by, the influence of Hindi has been felt by all of them in terms of their vocabularies usages, style of speaking and sometimes even in their accents. Some Hindi words like kahase ‘doesnot matter’; are yaar; saalah; many bad words, accha etc have crept into their daily vocabularies.
Some have even forgotten many words of their mother tongue due lack of applications in their daily lives.
The impact of Hindi on the migrant workers and migrant families are much more pronounced and profound than the floating students. Many migrant families and a good percentage of workers in Delhi have looked up to Hindi in high esteem and respect, they have even allowed their children to speak in Hindi in stead of their own mother tongue, as their first language.
It was agreed that the main causes of lack of the sense of pride in one’s mother tongue and the tendencies to switch over to Hindi are:- i) Influence of Bollywood films ii) Economic backwardness iii) Lack of awareness about the value of preserving one’s mother tongue and iv) Lethargy to teach their children to speak their mother tongue v) Feelings of inferiority complex due to the influence of the overwhelming majority Hindi speakers.
They also felt and experienced that at the time of recruitment Hindi, may apparently seem innocuous and unimportant as such, but as they began to work in the private and Government jobs, they realized the great importance of Hindi in their daily dealings. They also become keen to learn Hindi as soon as possible.
One participant even put forth the theory of language evolution in order to survive as an individual and as a society which is automatic and beyond one’s control. The gathering also endorsed his views on evolutionary concept of language changes and adaptation to suit new environments in order to survive economically and educationally.
The need to preserve one’s mother tongue has been unanimously agreed by the participants at the same time, in order to survive in these highly competitive modern globalized world today, they also felt the necessity and importance of acquiring the skill to speak Hindi specially in Delhi. One has to learn and preserve one’s mother tongue which should originate from one’s own family. The family is the first school for learning one’s own tongue.
Recommendations and Suggestions
The participants have unanimously agreed and recommend the following points in order to develop the language skill and its preservation in Delhi.
1. In all annual socio-cultural functions the Zou language should be made the only language to be used on stage and speeches.
2. In all cultural shows emphasis should be given to Zou folk songs and folk stories.
3. In all annual meet and conference emphasis should be given to highlighting the richness of Zou language, songs and culture.
4. A self-tutor grammar or handbook or dictionary in Zo-English-Hindi and English-Hindi-Zo based on phonetics should be prepared as soon as possible for the migrants/students.
5. It is felt that Zou primer should be prepared for daily use of the migrant children should be prepared.
6. Documentaries films should be made on Zou language and culture and video films like Zouthai, ZSP Drama songs etc should be encouraged and produced.

ZOMI LEH CITAHNA

By Fr. Felix Lien Khen Thang, Ph.D

June 16, 2008

Lam-et ngamlou pi in, Zo Baptist Association (ZBA -II) kum sawmli (40) cinna ‘Ruby Jubilee leh AD 2000 phawhna’ Magazine adîng, Zo Mi leh Citahna ci, article khat ât khuon ei kipie ahiziehin, Magazine Committee te tungah, ka lungdamna kou nuom masa ing.I thulu toh kizawitawn dingin, ‘Thumêngte tunga a citahte in, thuliente tungah zong a citah dîng hi’, ci (Lk 16: 10) na, i thu bulphu dîngin têl nuom ing. Topa sungah ka’ng ît, sanggam u leh nâu, nu leh pate, i pu i pate in abeisa kum 100 lâi dongin, dawi (pusa pasa) na bie uhhi. American Baptist Missionaries te leh Foreign Missions of Paris (Piantit topate) tungpan, Topa Zeisu ei gupkhietna, lungdamna thupha na kisânsiem ahiziehin, tu-in eite in, Christiante i hita hi. Topa Zeisu sungah têltuom, Israel minam thâte i suoh hi. Topa Pasien in, Abraham, Isaac leh Jacobte Pasien beh/(mai) hi nawn louin, ei Zo mite Pasien zong ahita hi.Têltuom Israel minamte in, Egypt gam ah kum zali val bang sila in a na om lâitah un (cf.Ex. 12:40-41), Pasien in amau uhte gentheina nathuohpi in, na hênêm siem bân ah, Moses i makaina toh Pharoah kumpipa khut sungpan nahonkhie a, sêhnêlgam sungah kum sawmli bang asawt zaw uh cieng, ciemsa Canan gamnuom Joshua in na lutpi sah hi (cf.Jos.1­12). Tua ma bangin ei Zo kampâute zong, Reverend Khâm Za Mâng makaina toh Zo Baptist Association i nga zaw kum sawmli cinna ‘Ruby Jubilee leh AD 2000 phawhna’ ah, Pasien tungah atuom vilvel a lungdam i kou bân ah, abeisa kum sawmli sungah, bangci bangin Pasien a bete i hi e, kam beh toh î ? I gamtat i lu hêhna, thumân thutah, citahna leh upna lâigil toh zong î? cih kisittel dîng kisam hi.Tua ahisihleh, i upna leh i sepnate zousie sêhnêl tunga innlam toh a’ng kibang khadîng hi (Mt. 8:21­27). ‘Noute in kam beh toh nei bie uh a, na lungsim uh kei toh kigamla mama hi’, Topa’n, ei ci khâhdîng zâuhuoi hi (Mt. 15:9; Is 29: 13).Ei Zo mite in, i minam cieptêna (emblem) dîngin ‘Zo vaphuol’ lim i têl u’hi. Tuin, i Zo Baptist Association Seal ah, Zo vaphuol nupa, singlâmte leh Lai siengthou bu i zatna toh i kipsah hi. Vaphuol i ci pen, a citah mama va nam ahihi. Vaphuol nupa lêngton pen, khat in sina-manna khat anei leh, akhat in zong ama leh ama tuoltang dênna’n kinei in si hi, kici hi. Vaphuol pi in, atui a op sungteng, apâ (male) in an puoh den a, apâ in sina-manna khat anei khâhleh, apî (female /mother) zong anngawl in si vawt hituoh hi. Tua bân ah, apâ in ann a sui kâl a, vaphuolpa dangkhat vaphuolpi kunga, ana haw khâhleh a tui-op kimlâi, ciempêl ciin tua vaphuolpi pen apâ in that a, tuazawcieng, vaphuolpa zong athanei za in vân lamah lêngtou in, tua pan in lei lamah kikhawsuh in ama leh ama, a kithatlia hi, kici lâi hi. Zo vaphuol nupate ki-îtna, thumanna, Kipum khatna leh a citahnate uh ettêhuoi sa i hi ziehin, i minam kiciemtêna dîngin Vaphuol lim i zang uhhi. I pu i pate in, dawi na bie uh ahiziehin Lawkite ci’n, i ciemtê u’hi. Amaute in, ki-îtna leh kilemna, thumân thutah, thupi khuolna leh kipumkhatna te masuon in, biehna leh ngaina toh hoitah phatah leh picingtah a,ana nungta,ana innsuong thei mama te uh ahihi. Khuo khat asât ciengun, khuo biehna leh khuo âpnate, na nei têitêi uhhi. Khosung cidamna dîng, ankhing tuibukhamna dîng, khuo hun hoi leh guotui hoi ngetna dîngin zulesa tawh, gam biehnate na nei in Lou Sielpieh ci na bawl uhhi. Tua ahiziehin, April (a) Ninghlapi hla pen, (Lousiel pieh hla) ciin na ciemtê u’hi.Louhlaw singpuohna a kizang tu leh hei, nâmtawngte zong, lupna pi neiah, kuongpi toh sîn in, zulesa na kipe tanghiel hi. Tua gambiehna ah, be sung phung sung ciet pan muonpente na kiteng in, meigongte leh zikhûl takhûlte kisâng lou khat hituoh lâi hi. Pasien hepina tawh gâlevûite a kaikhop zaw ciengun, Pasien tungah lungdam kou kawm leh, akumkia cienga dîng, innmun lougam, singhal, gophung tuinâhte Pasien in thupha apieh nadîng ci deinget kawm in, nopna leh dana a i zah muolte na kipaw siem, muollamte na kisiel in, khangham papi pawlkhat in muol a, bieh piehna aneizaw cieng, Khodou pawi (an kaikhawp pawi) limtahin na bawl uhhi. Tua ahizieh in, October (a) Vulpi hla pen (Khodou hla) ciin na ciemtê uhhi. I pu i pate in, ‘Nêhton nuom, puohton zâng’ a ci toh kizui in, anci leh gatâm tuite na kitâng, zulesa zong na neton in, innma louma kisapnate ah zong na kihu lieiliei uhhi. Tua bân ah, tûl na tawiton, tuol na bawlton, sawmtâng khat ah na giehton, lawm na kâiton, lieukhâmna bawl ton in, khut khat tawi kêng khat khâi bang phiel in na kipumkhat, na kisakhat mama uhhi. Tua ahiziehin, Zo in ciengkhut asât le asât khat na kici lieng hi. Khat vângin khat nuomtuom a, khat vâng in khat nungta in, khat leh khat na kikom, na kipom kinken uh ahiziehin, i Zo pâunâh Suongpi suongta in theh ci a’ng piengkhie ahihi.Lawki lâi in, cina khat a op leh, innsung, bang tung, luidawi, gampi, bumle ci bangin dawi na kithoi in, damna na kingên hi. Ankungte zong adamlou ciengin, lou thoinate zong na kinei hi. Innkuon sung khat ah, damlouna, dâupeilouna leh thusie-lasie tuona khat aop leh, kilungsân dîdê in, ei nuasiesa i pu i pite leh i nu i pate i lungkimsah lou khat hiva, i hlasietsah khat hiva ciin, a hlân /(hân) dong uh ah hlitui (hitui) naptui toh mawmâina/(ngaidamna) na kingên cîtciet hi, gaw leh lup, zu leh sa nêhnate a kipat masangun, innsung tawng pen ah, tapkuong sungah tûlpipa in, “Ka Pasien na tai oh!, Ka lungzei na tai oh!, Cîmnuoi a ka pu ka pate gâu na tai oh!, Ka thei khâhlou ka phaw khâhlou, ka pu ka pate gâu na tai oh! “ciin, phui asam zaw ciengun, gaw dîng sapum tungah hâi na buo hi.Tua zaw cieng beh in, nêhna dawnna, guolnopna-te na kipan pan uh a, i pu i pate in nopna dâna ah, a sisate nangawn zong na mangngil hetlou uh hi ci pen, ei phawhsah siem mama hi.Khangluite in, ankhing tuibûh pen pâmgei a, a’ng dâh pah, sum leh pâi zong a’ng tuongbâng pah na ciin, annêh tuidawnna,sum leh pâi zahnate ah, na hi cîltêl in na phingcîl mama uhhi. Tua thamlou in, An cîl siemte an in zuon, sum cîl siemte sum in zuon hi na cilâi uhhi. Gilkiel dangta mama lâitah in ei doutuom ciin, cil nangawn zong na sekhe ngam mêngmêng lou uhhi. Tua bânah, êh ciengtawng a cîl zong nuom tuom na ci lâi lieng uhhi. Na zousie na khinkhâi siem mama uhhi. Pasien thupha hepinate a zahsiem mamate na hi gige uhhi.Nidang lâiin, zi leh ta dîng ana kisui cieng, adiehdieh in, innluo dîngte adîngin, ‘Neita’na kikan masa hi..Mou na kidong, zuthawl na kitunin,hoitah in mou na kipui hi.A kitênzaw ciengun zong, Kam sunga lei leh hâ zong kipetthei ci pâunâh a om mabangin,kamsiet leisietna toh,kikhen kikah nadîng thudân khat a om khâhleh zong, a nualam leh a malamte’n,thu na khuisiem in,na lemtuo kia zêl uhhi. Mêl hoilou kibawl pha theilou, thusie lasie kibawl phakia thei ci, pâunâh na tûltûh mama uh hi. Pasal in, deilou pi in, a zi a pei dînga a sawl khâhleh zong, a zi in, i bâl lei pawzaw cieng, hâm i siem zaw cieng, mîm lei gêt zaw cieng na ciin, tua kawmkawm main tanu tapa na nei uh a, na kitulpi, na kisipi veve uhhi. Tua thamlou in, asi zaw ciengun, hlân nangawn ah na kizon cîhtêh nuom lâi uhhi. CingKhup leh NgamBawm kigênte mabangin,agu atângte uh zong, na kigawmsah nuom lâi uhhi. A picing ki-îtna toh a nuntâtziete uh,ei theisah hi. Khangluitein, ashiciengun, kosa hangtang ken dîng vâi toh kisai pen na kinbawl mama uhhi. Meipum ma na ci tangtang uhhi. Bangzieh e? i ci leh, vântung atun ciengun,mêl thei lawm leh guolte’n na dawn dîng ahiziehin, a masuon dîng uh,a mâitang singhaw bel dîng leh a kham lukhu dîng dân uh hituoh gige hi. Atong ahâng, mîm-âi tâng-âite leh gâl-âi sa-âite pen, khangtung zu ne in, leitung ah guoltung tuongte ahi bân uh ah, vântung ah zong, a mâi al mama dîngte hi ci in, na êng mama uhhi. Tua ahiziehin, ton leh hân, gâl-ai, sa-ai,mîm-ai tâng-ai nate, na kidem tangtang uh hi. A ngîmnate uh, tuol ah tâilou in, thûh mama a, vântung thu toh zong kipaikan mama hi.Khangluite pen, na kilem phadieh in, thu zong na kimang phadeu uhhi. Hâusa thu leh nâupang thu na ci uha, khosung tuisung nasep vâihawmnate ah zong, na kithuman diemdiem uhhi. Khat leh khat kilungkimlouna, thusie lasie khat a op khâh leh zong, zumkong mângkong na kitun paipai louin, Thupha leh lam-phei tawnda omsih, Gul lut si bou mi lut sisih na kicia, zubêl, sapum, dangka a kilawmza khat toh na kikuon in, kilemna na kibawl hi. Pa that zong toupha guon ciin pâunâh na nei uh a, agâlte tung nangawn ah thupha bawl dîng na kihil lâi uhhi. Bawlsiet gênsietnate a thuoh ciengun zong, “Na cillum toh valsuh takon oh!, Dawi bawlsiet in kisi bou,khanguolpa bawlsiet in kisi sih “ ci in na kithapie,na kihânthawn uh hi. Khat leh khat zong na kizâtât uhhi. “Khuo kicîm dîng khat zong meigongnu khat i mang sungah kihil thei” na ciin, meigong tagate zong na kepsiem na huoisiem uh hi. Zawltate nangawn zong, a kêm dîng dang a op sih leh, pute in kêm in na khansuo uh hi. Pute tuikuong tui toh na khangkhie hi. Tua ahiziehin, Pu le lamsah kici a, pute tungah na kihlasie ngamlou in, pute zong na kihlasesah ngamlou hi. Pu leh pi nu leh pate leh a khanghamte pen, i leitung Pasien, i hândoute ciin na ît in, na zatât mama uha, thusuh-thutou, vâi zousie ah dohpi in na nei masa uhhi. Sa na ki­âtsah, zu na kiphutsah in, sasin salung zong na kipie hi. Tu leh tate’n zong, thupha ngâ nadîng leh khansâu nadîngin, pi leh pu,nu leh pate, tungpan, thupha na ngên in na sâng uhhi. Nu leh pa, pi leh pu te’n zong,a sikuon ciengun, atu atate uh, thu vâihlâhnate nei in, thu na hil cîtciêt uh ahiziehin, tua pen ‘sithuta’ na kicia na kithupisân mama hi. Lungdamnate zong na mawh mansah lou, na mangngil hetlou in, pute pate khang a, a kithuh zou sih lehzong, tu leh tate khang ah,na kithuh têitêi ahiziehin, Cîmnuoi a, sa kiba zong, Gêltui ah kithuh na ci uhhi.I pu i pate in, Vâi nukhia guosie in lap ciin, khuolzin lâilênna, loukuon singpuohna te pan vâitunhâ dîng na deilou uhhi. Zîng ann nitâh annte na ne bai uh, na lum bai un, zîng zong na thou bai mama uhhi. Gamtat luhêh kampâunate ah na kidawm mama in, zong na kiniemkhiet mama uhhi. Hakâi pâtâh zong lung hêng thei; Kâipi’n pâhtâh na deilou uhhi. Zîng ann nitâh annte na ne bai uh, na lum bai un, zîng zong na thou bai mama uhhi. Gamtat luhêh kampâunate ah na kidawm mama in, zong na kiniemkhiet mama uhhi. Hakâi pâtâh zong lung hêng thei; Kâipi’n pâhtâh ma ciin, kiphatluot, kipohluot dîng zong na deilou uhhi. Nâusên suohtung khat pen, amin akiphuo zaw cieng, cinoplouna khat a nei khâhleh, amin ngailuo a,a puohla khat hiva,na cithei lâi uhhi.Zuou in akhâp tawn, thal lam cilsiet eima tung tu, ci toh kizui in, zuouthu gênna, zûltatna leh hoilou gamtatnate ah na kidawm uhhi. Zi leh ta khûlna, ziman, nêhna, mithâna, gantuol vêlna, zawlgâina, mizi mita tungah khielna, gûhtât lâhtâtna, kisêngle, hâibung lenêh, lou kingânsuon, lou tawtawn, lou veitawn, lou kigâlsai, kigisuong khîn, bûhlui phel, tangluong phê, inn ngawng hei, inn tawtawn, tângkham nei khieh cite na tang uh hi. Na gimnei sah in, na lipkhapsah mama uh hi.Khanglui lâiin, pusa pasa na bie uh i ci hângin, amaute lunghin suong pou dân, biehna leh ngaina toh a nuntâtziete (a hindânte) i et ciengin, Pasien deina toh na kipêl in, na kilêbul ci thada, Pasien thu leh Lâi Siengthou toh na kituoh mama zosop ahiziehin, dawi pen na gînbawl in, na thoi na pâi uh hi beh a, Pasien pen na bie uh hi, ci lei khiel dîngin ki-um si’ng. A phuiteng zahte lah ah zong, Ka Pasien, ka lungzei’ cite na kihal hi.A lakamte (lahâmtengte) uh ah zong, Thangvân, Lêngvân, Vâivân, cite na nei uh a, misiengthou Pawlu in vântung adawl thun ma dong ah ka tung hi, aci toh a’ng kizawitawn mama hi. Tua thamlouin ei tulâi Khristiente in, Pasien i ci kammal limlim zong amaute tungpan a, i kawm i zah hibeh in, i mutha leh i phawhtha hi hetlou hi. Tua ahiziehin, i pu i pate pen, ‘Lawki Khristien’ te ahi gige kha diei? ci thu ngaisut phatphat dîngin hoi sa ing. Akoimapou, ei ei langpan loute,ei pawl hi(Mk. 9: 40) ci,Topa Zeisu kammal, telsiem dîngin dei ing.Khang kikhêl e, pien kidangta, aluinate, athâ in vuanêlta. Tulngailou khanglui ngaina hoite, gougil banga i kepsiem i zuisiem dîng kimlâi, kithudonse nawnlou, kinawlkhin Akoimapou, ei ei langpan loute, ei pawl hi (Mk. 9: 40) ci, Topa Zeisu kammal, telsiem dîngin dei ing.Khang kikhêl e, pien kidangta, aluinate, athâ in vuanêlta. Tulngailou khanglui ngaina hoite, gougil banga i kepsiem i zuisiem dîng kimlâi, kithudonse nawnlou, kinawlkhin in, mang a mat dîngin zong kidei nawn lou hi. I pu i pate in agimnei sah, ana tan, ana lipkhapsahte uh, awlmaw in, kinei nawnlou a, Zeisu um pou lei, ci toh thu kithat nuom paipai tamawh hi. Topa Zeisu in,“Ka hâhkol puohnop in, ka van zong zâng hi”, (Mt.11 :30), aci pen, kizângkhâi ngaisut luo lawmlawm in, kilêlâh leh kilawm sa phiel ing.Pilna, hauna leh khomuna lamah, i khantouzaw hâng, ki-ît kilemna, citahna, thukhuolnate ah, khâltui kiem kibang sêmsêm. Pasien thu ka um i ci vahuâu hângin, gitlou sâtlouna khang sêmsêm. Nidanglâi in, dawi na kigîng in, tucieng migiloute kigîngta. Numeite beh, a moutha thei i sah leh, pasal moutha zong op tuoh takon!.Nu leh pate’n tate, innpite’n moute, khanglûite’n khangthâte, Sie (pastor) te’n athuzuite agîn apat hun himawh hi. I tawnzie leh i Pasien thu upziete mân i ci ngam diei mah?Minam îtna leh minam kihuoinate zong dau tehteh. Cilehsa in, thugên, cileh sa, toh minam kikan i ci hâng, kampâu leh ngaina, ang langbai leh, minam picingte kihinawnlou in, minam tangkhête, minam lalthangte i suohta dîng hi. Kei muna ah, Pasien pen Pasien bangin kibeta lou in, eima deidân ciet nou a, a kibe dân khat in mu ing. Pasien min pen kizângkhâi ngaisut lawmlawm hi. Pasien pen kibie in kinuntâtpi talou in, i kisapnate ei thehthei dîng i donghu, zah tângzang leh sawl tângzang dân khat beh in, kizang nuom phiel leh kilawm hi. Lâi Siengthou khietna pen, dei bang ciet nou in, kikâituizawl kawikawi in, kideikai gawpgawp tamawh hi. Pawlpi i ci pen Pasien thu-um cintengte kipawlna dân hilou in, kikhawng pawlna dân khat beh in, kingaisun zîuziêu leh kilawm sa ing. I kam pi toh Pasien ka-um, ka bie,i ci pongmawh hâng,i gamtat, i luhêh dânte in kikâituizawl kawikawi in, kideikai gawpgawp tamawh hi. Pawlpi i ci pen Pasien thu-um cintengte kipawlna dân hilou in, kikhawng pawlna dân khat beh in, kingaisun zîuziêu leh kilawm sa ing. I kam pi toh Pasien ka-um, ka bie, i ci pongmawh hâng, i gamtat, i luhêh dânte pen, Pasien dei âikâi ci thada, eima leh eimama in, zong hoisa petpot ngeng-ngong lou i hiziehin, Pasien ka bie i ci ngam diei mah? I Pasien pen, i pu i pate, Pusa pasa upza in, um zoulou i hi ziehun, eite pen Khristian Lawki te i hi leh phalam lâi van ‘Lawki’ i ci, i pu i pate nei a, i op lâi khâhdîng dâhuoi sa mawh ing.Topa sungah sanggam u leh nau, nu leh pate, Pasien thu nâu banga i sân zaw, khangthum khangli bang a’ng phanuomta hi. Mawngsing bang hilei, limbel thei dîng i hita hi. Gamguo bang hilei, akûi hun, acîm hun tungta hi. Tua ahileh nang leh kei in, Khristian i hina bang toh i lah diei? Ahisihleh, Topa tungah, i upna bang toh têcî i pang diei? Singkung hoi leh hoilou pen aga toh a kithei mabangin (Mt 7: 16-18), i upna pen i gamtatna toh lah in,i kam beh toh Topa, Topa a cite beh hilou in, i khuovapha mite tungah ni bangin tângsah a,i gamtat hoi i gamtat phate mitein amuna ziehin, Topa tungah pâtawina i pieh sahthei lâi dîng zong kisam hi.(cf;Mt. 5: 14-16). Pasien ei pieh ngaina leh i kampâute toh picingtah leh lunglawptah a, Topa i pâtawi siem dîng leh i bieh dîng hun hita hi.Tua hileh,i ngaina leh i kampâu ei pie Topa Pasien zong lungdam dînga,ei mama zong minam picingte i hi pan dîng hi. Sâi in asi ciengin a hapâ nuasie in, tawpi in zong a phaw nuasie hi. Minam khat a, i pien buong ei Zo mite’n zong, i ngaina leh i kamhâmte Topa thupha hepina toh phungvua siem in,i muolsuong dîng leh i gougil dîngin,khangthâte tungah i pieh siem sawnsawn nadîng zong, lungbât ciet dîng kisam hi. Pasien in leitung mite ei ît luot ziehin,atapa khat neisun nangawn sîtlou in ei pie hi.(Jn 3: 16;cf also,Rom.8:32;1Jn4:10). Topa Zeisu in zong asisan mal khat nangawn i gougil dîngin, khangthâte tungah i pieh siem sawnsawn nadîng zong, lungbât ciet dîng kisam hi. Pasien in leitung mite ei ît luot ziehin,atapa khat neisun nangawn sîtlou in ei pie hi. (Jn 3: 16;cf also, Rom. 8:32; 1Jn4:10). Topa Zeisu in zong asisan mal khat nangawn sîtlouin, anuntâtna (ahinna) ei pie hi (Jn 19:34).I hamphatdân,Ama zawngkhâl nate ziehin hauna;a kiniemkhietnate ziehin pâtawina;a mindainate ziehin minthanna;a guawllelnate ziehin guawlzawna; bawlsiet genthei a thuohnate ziehin vângletna;aliemmate ziehin cidamna leh asina zieh in nuntât tawntungna i ngâ hi. Ciengtanna neilo a ei ît i Topa,a lâigil upna leh citahna,ngen telna leh thumânnate toh, Ama deinate zui in ei sawl banga i gamtatna toh lungdam i thuhsiem dîng kisam hi. Tua bang hileh,i Topa’n,“Thumêngte tungah acitah, amuonhuoi ka nasêmpa thuliente tungah zong ang muong ing e,na Pu lungdamna ah ang kihal oh!”,(Mt 25:20-23), ei ci lâi dîng hi.I Zomite kicieptêna ahi-Zo vaphuol lim I thupisah mabangin, Khristiente i kicieptêna ahi-Singlâmte lim zong i thupisahzaw kan lâi dîng kisam hi. Bangzieh ei? ci leh, Topa Zeisu in,nang leh kei tawntung nuntâtna(hinna) ei pieh nadîngin, a nu Maria gil sungah Paradise huon ang mu kia in, Eden huon sunga nuntâtna singkung (Gen 2: 9) pen, Kalvary muol tungah ang suonkia na toh, Singlâmte pen Kalvary nuntâtna singkung ang suoh hi. A singlâmte toh nuntât tawntungna ei pie hi. Tua thamlou in, Topa Zeisu in, Singlâmte toh gupkhietna ei pieh bân ah, thuhilna toh khum bangin ang zang lâi a, tuni dong eite in bangci gamtat luhei kampâu dînga, bangci lampi zui dîng cih ei thuhilna,“Keima, lampi ka hihi. a,nuntâtna zong ka hi hi”,(Jn 14:6) acina toh ang kipsah lâilâi hi.Tua ahiziehin Singlâmte pen nisim naisim i nuntâtna sunga,i ettê dînga Thumân thutah ka hi a,nuntâtna zong ka hi hi”,(Jn 14:6) acina toh ang kipsah lâilâi hi.Tua ahiziehin Singlâmte pen nisim naisim i nuntâtna sunga,i ettê dînga Topa ei pieh,i tawitêna, i pikhâu, i cientuoi leh i tuitâi leh i gamhoi pênpên (Criterion of Christian life) ahi hi. ‘ En kiniemnetnate a opna mun ah, kizatâtna; alunglêng a khongâite adîngin, kihênêmna ahihi. Tua ahiziehin, Kalvary muol pen, eite adîngin, hinna, damna leh kisapnate zousie ang pûl ang luonkhietna,man toh kilei zoulou,Pasien in atuom vilvel a ei pieh,i thupha tuinâhpi ahihi. Singlâmte toh i nuntât a,i kalsuon cieng beh in, Pawlu toh kibang in, “Singlâmte tungah Topa Zeisu toh ka kikhâiton zoua,tu’n kei anungta hinawn lou,Zeisu ka sungah nungta hi.” i ci ngam pan dîng hi. Topa Zeisu toh i sîton a,i thawton leh,Moses leh Israel minamte mabangin (Ex 15: 1-21),Alleluia (Praise the Lord),ci guolzawna leh lungdamna lapi i sa ziehzieh dînga, Amen (so be it),hita heh i cina in zong khietna ang nei pan dîng hi.Tua pen Khristien picingte î nuntâtzie ahi hi.‘Ruby Jubilee leh AD 2000 phawhna’ pawi i bawlna ah, amasa penpen in, Topa tungah lungdamkouna i nei dîng kisam hi. Bangzieh ei? ci leh Topa in lungdamkouna dei in lam-en hi(Lk 17-18). I Khristien nuntâtna in, tapa tâimangpa toh akibang in, Pa innlam zuon a ,apei,khuolzin mite i hi uhhi. (cf.Lk 15: 11-30). Atomin ci lei Vântung i Pa in eite mawna ei mâisah mabangin,eite’n zong midangte mawna i mâisah nadîng ci nopna ahi hi (Mt 18:21-23). Topa Zeisu in,anuazuipite,vântung thungetna ahil zaw ciengin amama in, Kalvary muol tungah, “ Pa aw amaute mawna na mâisah in”, ci’n agâlte maw mâisahna apiehna toh,tua thungetna ang kipsah hi(Lk 23:34; cf.also, Acts. 7:55-60). Îtna leiba simlou, adang bangma leiba, na kibasah sih un (Rom 13:8-10). Biehna tâumâi ah,biehna vante i tawi masangin, Pasien leh i sanggam,u leh naute toh i kilemphot dîng,Topa’n adei hi (Mt 5: 24; 2Cor. 5: 20).Jacob in a sanggampa Esau toh kilemna bawlkia hi(Gen 31:1-54;32: 1-22, 33: 1-20). Joseph in zong a sanggamte mawna mâisah hi (Gen 45: 1-15). David in zong, “Ka ta Absalom, nang tângin kei sizaw leng aw!” (2Sm.19: 1-5),na ci ngêtngût sâm hi. Tua bân ah, “Pasien sathâunilpa,Saul tungah ka khut nga sih va’ng”, na ci lâi hi (1 Sm 24:9-23).Tua ahiziehin,khat leh khat maw kimâisahna leh, pienthâkiana toh,Topa thupha,Jubilee kum zahsiem in, ang pom ciet vâi. Jubilee thupha kilawmtaha i santhei nadîngin,i lungsim leh i hla puopha in,thungetna toh Topa belsiem vâi. Thu i nget ciengin,i kisapna leh i deinate masuon lou in Pasien gam leh ama dihna sui masa lei,adang i kisapnate, Topa’n ei piehbe lâi dîng hi (Matt. 6:33). Pasien gam leitung ah ang tung dînga,ama deina zong leitung ah ang kicing dîng hi (cf Mt 6: 10; Lk 11: 2). Israel mite sêhnêlgam sungah Pasien in, zân in meikhuompi toh,sun in meikhuompi toh amakai mabangin (Ex 13:21), Topa’n eite zong, a tahlam khut toh ei dâl,ei cing,ei kêm,ei makai tawngtung in, ei kûitunpi ei matunpi dîng hi.Tua hileh,Samuel mabang in, A.D. 2000, i Zo Muolsuong Ebenezer ei phutonpi kia dinga,Topa in tuni cieng dong,ei hûm,ei guolzawpi leh ei sih ei hin denpi i Pasien ahihi.(cf .1Sam 7:12),ci in i kisiel,i ki-ângtângsah ngam pan dîng hi. Topa sungah,sanggam,u leh nau,nu leh pate, ‘Azawng in,anei sielsa’ ci dân hilou in,Pasien ei pieh thupha,i pilna i siemna,i thatang,i nei i lam sum leh pâite leh i hlaw(haw) i tuhsa(tûsa) mîm leh tângte,hawmsiem zêhsiem vâi. Tua thu toh kisai in 1997 kum in, Pasien hepina toh Israel gam ka va tun khâhna ah eite adîngin ettêhuoi thukhat ang gên nuom ing. Tua in,bang ei ci leh Jordan gun,Galilee tuipi leh Tuipi si (Dead Sea) te kizopzie ahi hi. Jordan guntui pen Galilee tuipi sungah na luong masa in Galilee tuipi in zong, azahsiem zaw cieng,Tuipi si na hawmsuh siemkia hi. Tua ahiziehin, Galilee tui sunga ngasate leh kâikuongte in, mun dang gam danga ngasa kâikuongte sângin atui tuohzaw na thu kei mama in vane vaciem khangiet ka hiziehin têcî ang pang ka hi hi. Tuipi si in ahileh,akîm apâm ah,hawm sawnkia nawn lou ahiziehin, asungah bangma nuntâhna omlou in,citui a1 beh in na vêi a,cikhuom golpipite beh kimuthei hi. Tua ahileh,eite’n zong Lai siengthou Pasien in, milip khat ciet tunga ei pieh letsong,thupha hepinate veivielsah, ngetsah,âisah,hîngsah, thuasah louin Jordan gun leh Galilee tuipite mabangin piehsiem, hawmsiem kia bou vâi.Pasien ei pieh thupha hepinate, Pasien leh i u i naute adînga,i zahsiem i zêhsiem kia leh,Topa mama in,thupha ei pie pie kia dînga,pungzaw,mêngzaw,tamzaw sêmsêm in hawm lehzehangcing zaw sêmsêm dîng hi.(cf. Mt. 14:17-19; 15:34­37; Mk. 6:38-42). Tuabang hileh na zousie ang kitangcing dînga,hla leh pumpi adîngin,bangma kisapnate i nei nawn sih dîng hi. I nuntâtna mama in Jubilee pawipi ang hidîng hi.Aw,cîn leh tuoi,piengpan momnou guolte,i zâitha pat bang nêmsah sih vâi. Bânzâl zietsuon kilên kawm in,i mâilam nawt ciet vâi. Mîm bang pienna,pupa gamnuom,Heisa pâte alutna, Zo vaphuolte aguolnopna,etlawm gam nuom Zogam kuom ah,Sien sinthu ci bang thê in,Sienmang vontawi;Zeisu min Heisa pâl bang lunsâo bou vâi.Zo Heisa,( Fr. Felix Lien Khen Thang, Ph.D. )Dhaka, Bangladesh, 7.X 2000[Source: A.D.2000 ZO MAGAZINE,Kalaymyo, March 2001]Tammi lâi agiel Monsignor, Fr.Dr.Felix Lien Khen Thang pen, Tedim gam Gamngi khomi, Pa. Ignatius Lâng Gin Suon tapa hi a, Zo mite lah ah Catholic priest asuoh masa pen ahi hi.1997 kum in Italy gam Rome khopi Pontificial Urban University pan in Ph.D(Cannon Law) hing nga hi. Ama in 1990-92 dong Saizâng khuo ah Paris siempi nasêm a, tuin Apostolic Nunciature at Dhaka, Bangladesh ah 2nd Secretary pannmun tawh Pasien na asep lâitah ahi hi.

ZOKAM [ZOHAM]

ZOKAM [ZOHAM]September 14, 2007 at 4:36 pm · Filed under Zoham, Zokam

[Kawlgam ah Zo akichi a, India gam ah Zou chi'n akithei hi. Tagel pen akibang veve in ngaisun phot tadi va ui]

AD 850 kiim in ‘ZOHAM’ kizang jo hi. Kawlgam sunga minamte toh kisai akantel ahi, Professor G.H. Luce in, ‘Tibeto-Burman i ci vangin ataang zah uh kamham (common language) pen Chin, Kachin khatzawh ahisihleh tuagel kigawm hithei ding hi.” ci’n ana gen ngai hi. Atheihuoi thu panin Chin akicite sungah Kachinte toh kamham akitamsut (akibangtam) penpen ‘Zo’ te i hihi. Mellesa, kamham omzie a kipan Chin le Kachin uta i hi tahpi leh akikal a kizopna (link) anai penpen Zote ihi thei ding hi. Zote i tangthu, i ngaina i kamhamte kantel leih AD 850 kiim in Zoham kizang jo hi cithu kimuthei hi.

ZOHÂM LEH HÂM DANGTE:

Zo, Meitei, Lushei/Mizo, Thado-Kuki, Tedim-Chin hâmte sunga thuteng kibangte: Zohâm pên Tibeto-Burman hâmpawlte laha khat ahi. Tibeto-Burman laha zong Kuki-Chin hâmpawl (group of language) ahi sawn hi. Tuate laha apat Northern Chin hâmpawl in akisimsuhkia hi.

Tam hâmte khu atangpiin, ophawi/okaidan (phonetics) zui ngen ahi sim u’a tuachiin kamsuisiemite’n (linguists) Tonal Language [osuokam] chiin athei uhhi. Zoham in okaihâm ahilouleh osuohâm kichi ahi. Tuamabangin Zohâm zong ophawi/okaidân toh kizawitawn ngitnget ahijiehin Tonal language ahi.

Kamsuisiemte’n hâm tuomtuomte; Zohâm, Thadou hâm, Lushei hâm, Tedim hâm, Paite hâm, Simte hâm, Meitei hâm leh adgdgte pên hâmbulpi khat apata hing piengkhie leh lêngkhie ahi achi uhhi.

Meitei hâm leh Lushei hâm, Thado-Kuki hâm, Tedim-Chin hâm, Paite hâm enlei Zohâm sunga thutengte toh kibangchet thutengte tampi a um veve hi.

ZOHÂM KIHENDÂN

Hâm khat poupou khu ahun dungjuiin akihengthei let a, tualeh akhanglien thei hi.Hâm khat kihendân leh khanletdân tana anei ate jieh ahi:

(a). Tênna leh tawndân apata Hâm kihendân

Thuteng kikhêldân leh Akihengte: Hâm hasa apatin hâm bailam ah akiheng zêl hi. Hâm khat sunga athutengte khu abailamlam in akiheng zêl hi. Ahasa apatin abailam manaw in hâm akiheng zêl a, tuachiin asawt chiengin hâm tuomdeu khat ahing suohthei zel hi. Hâm kichi khu mihing pawl khat hing pienkhietdân tângthu leh tawndân chite dungjuia hing piengkhie ahi hi. Hâm kibang mihing pawl ahing kikhenkhah chiengun mun tuomtuom ah ahing têngta u’a, hunsawtpi ahing kivei chiengin akamtengte, athutengte, akammalte uh pawlkhat ahilouleh anempi ahing kiheng zêl hi. Tuachi dânin hâm tuomdeu khat hing pieng thei let ahi. Akhangkhang in hâm pên akiheng leh akikhêl let ahi. Kammal (syllable) pawlkhat ateng khat kipâi, ateng khat kihleng, kizeplut, ateng khat kibelap ahilouleh ateng ni kipâidoh chite ana um let a, tu’n zong a um nalâi dîng hi. Tabanga thuteng kihengte khu Akihengte/akihlengte akichi hi. Mangkam in lnflections kichi ahi.

Etsahna in. Thuteng suoh ah laiteng ‘h’ akipai a ’suo’ asuoh hi, suoh–> suo; thuteng ’suh’ ah laiteng ‘h’ khu ‘k’ in akiheng a ’suk’ asuoh hi, suh–> suk; thuteng ‘uh’ ah laiteng ‘v’ kibelap ‘vuh’ asuoh hi, uh–> vuh; thuteng ‘hing’ ah laiteng ‘g’ akipai a ‘hin’ asuoh hi, hing–> hin; ka kan dîng–> ka kang dîng, kan bân ah laiteng ‘g’ kibelap a kan–> kang dîng; asuoh hi.

Zo hâm sungah ‘Akihlengte’ nempi akijang nalâi hi. Simte hâm, Tedim hâm, Paite hâm sungah akihengte tampi akijangta sih hi.

Etsahna; Zo hâm a; nasêm thuteng ‘pang’ apata minlawna akisiem chiengin ‘g’ akipaikhie a ‘na’ ahisihleh ‘dan’ khu atawpna ah akikoi a, tuachiin minlawna ‘panna’, ‘pandân’ ahing suoh hi. Simte hâm sungah ‘g’ akipâidoh sih a, nasêm thuteng ‘pang’ ma akizang a minlawna [noun] akisiem chiengin ‘pangna’ pangdân ma in akizang hi. Tabangin, Simte hâm thuteng tampite in kihenna anei sih uhhi.

Etsahna in Simte ham a thuteng kihengloute pawlkhat tam anei bang ahi:

Simte hâm – kangna, tungna, lengna, sangna, hongna, mangna leh adangdang (adgdg). Tam atunga thutengte Zo hâm in anei a bangin akiheng zêl uhhi: Kanna, tuna, lenna, sanna, honna leh adangdang Zo ham apata Simte hâm thuteng suohdoh leh kiheng pawlkhatte: hing–>hung; ka’ng–>ku’ng; vang–>ning;mah–>maw;sihva–>si; vai–>ni, uh amah–>uvam; uoi–>viei leh adgdgte tampi a um nalai hi.

Akihengte atam jiehin Zokam [Zohâm] hasa mama akisa chiet hi. Lushei hâm, Tedim hâm, Paite hâm sungah akihengte atawm mama hi. Tuajiehin tam hâmte pên Zohâm sângin atheinop leh atheibaijaw hi. Tawndânte pên abailam apatin ahasa lam ah aluttoutou zêl hi. Ahivangin, hâm pên ahasa apatin abailam lam anawtjaw hi. Hâm pawlkhat sungah thuteng akihen chiengin akibang in akibânhen let uhhi. Zohâm sungah tunai apeisa kum 30-40 sung maimai in zong akihengte tampi apiengkheta hi.

Etsahna in: tanah—>hiah; khunah—>huah; tam—>hi; tami—>himi; uh—>vuh; hing—>ang; hang—>hing; ing—>ung; kung—>kang; ku’ng—>k’ang; nung—>nang; amah—>amaw; izaw (izo)—>i leh adgdgte ahi. Lushei hâm, Sizang hâm, Tedim hâm, Simte hâm, Paite hâm chite lah ah Zohâm thuteng tampite ana kizeplut hi. Tuamabangin Zohâm sungah zong hâm tuomtuomte thutengte ahing kizeplut thei zêl hi.

Kum tampi apata mihing pawlte ana kijopkhawm tâhlou jiehin ham tuomtuom dânin ana kingaituo leng hi.

(b). Lâigieldân ziehin hâm akihengthei hi.

Tualâi hun in, Lâigieldân jiehin thutengte/kamtengte zong akiheng lamdang deudeuta hi. Tuni dongin, Mikâng missionaryte lâigieldân ahingpieh pên uh ‘I sumkuon chiengpê nalai u’a’ tualeh i pomkip jiehun tuniin i thutengte uh tampi akiheng sieng gawpta hi. I chisa mabang un Zohâm pên osuohâm ahi hi. I kam u’a, i ginsah uh atuomdeu a, i khut a i gieldoh uh, atuomdeu in akilangta hi. I kam a, i lawdoh (gêndoh) thuteng/kamteng ging leh i khut u’a, i gielkhiet uh thuteng tampi akibangta sih hi.

Zohâm a kammal ‘uo’ pen Tedim hâm in kammal ‘ua’ dânin akijang hi. Tuachiin zong kammal ‘uoh’ pên Tedim hâm in kammal ‘uak’ dânin akijang hi. Zohâm a ’suoh’ thuteng khu Tedim/Paite hâm in ’suak’ dânin ana kigingsah a, Lushei hâm in ‘chhuak’ in akigiel a, Hmar hâm in ‘chhuok’ chi’n akigiel a, tualeh akilou zêl hi. Tuachiin, Zohâm apata–>Tedim hâm a, thutengte kihendân tambang ahi;

Huo–>hua, zuopa–>zuapa, suoh–>suak, tuoh–>tuak, thuoh–>thuak, puoh–>puak, kuom>kuam, nuom–>nuam, luong–>luang, suong–>suang, tuol–>tual, muon–>muan, suo–>suan, tuon–>tuan, kuong–>kuang, puong–>puang leh adgdgte asuoh hi. Zohâm a lâitengte ” ch” pên Tedim hâm in ‘c’ ahia, ch–>c. Hinanleh Kawlgam Zote’n ‘c’ ma azang denta uhhi. Zohâm a kammal ‘ie’ pên Tedim/Paite hâm in kammal ‘ia’ dânin akijang hi. Zohâm a thuteng ‘lien’ khu Tedim/Paite/Simte hâm in ‘lian’ chiin akigiel a,’li+an’ chiin akigingsah hi.

Etsahna in; Upa khat in thuteng khat; ‘chieng’ achi chiengin ‘chi’+eng’ ma in a ophawi agingsah nalâilâi hi. Ahivangin, agiel chiengin ‘chiang’ chi in agiellet hi. Tami in ‘chi+ang’ chi in ophawi agingsah hi. Tuachiin sangnaupangte’n sanglai sungah ahing zil chiengun ‘chieng’ chia lam ding hinapi’n akawilam in ‘chiang’ chiin asimsah u’a tuachiin, a’ng hâm chiengun ‘chi+ang’ chiin alouta (gingsah) let uhhi. Tachibangin, thuteng/kamteng tampi lâigieldân jiehin akilheng lamdanga, Zohâm ophawi gil nempite ana kilheng siengta hi. Tabanga, thuteng kiheng lamdangte enta lei khun; Simte hâm, Tedim hâm, Paite hâm sungah atam dieh hi. Simte hâm sungah Zohâm apata akila thuteng kitheichien khat ahileh ‘diei’ ahi, tami ‘di+ei’ ophawi a, ging pên khu ‘diai’ chiin akigiel a, tuachiin akilaw chiengin ‘di+ai’ chiin akigingsah a, akilou let hi.

Tuachiin, Zohâm a thutengte ‘chie, chien, chieng, chiet, kie, khie, lie, lien, lieng, nien, nieng, phiengsan, pien, pieng, sie, sien, sieng, siel, siem, siet, sietna chite khu.

Paite hâm leh Simte hâm in ‘chia, chian, chiang, chiat, kia, khia, lia, lian, liang, nian, niang, phiangsan, pian, piang, sia, sian, siang, sial, siam, siat, siatna asuoh a,

Tedim hâm in ‘cia, cian, ciang, ciat, kia, khia, lia, lian, liang, nian, niang, phiangsan, pian, piang, sia, sian, siang, sial, siam, siat, siatna chite asuoh kia leuleu hi.

Thado-Kuki hâm in ‘tia, chên, têng, chet, khe, khe, le, lên, lêng, nên, nêng, pên, pêng, se, thên, thêng, sel, thêm, set, setna asuoh uhhi.

Zo tehsete toh ka kihoulim chiengin a osuo/ophawidân hoitahin ka ngaichien zêl hi. Atangpiin têhsete osuo/ophawidân (phonetics) apatin ‘ua’ leh ‘ia’ sângin ‘uo’ leh ‘ie’ gindân apawtjaw leh aluongjaw in ka theithei hi. Zohâm a sie pên Tedim hâm in sia chiin akigiel a, Zo ham a sietna–>Tedim hâm in siatna chiin akigiel a, Zohâm a sieng–>Tedim hâm in siang chiin akigiel a, Zohâm a seta->Tedim hâm in siata chiin akigiel a, pie–>pia chiin akigiel a, peta–>piata chiin in akigiel a, peding–>piading chi in akigiel a akilou a, kigingsah uhhi. Zoham a ‘pia’ khu Mangkam in letdoh leh ‘move’ china ahibou hi. Tam pên lâigieldân maimai jieha, thuteng tuomdân hing suoh ahibou a, tualeh akibanglou dânin a’ng kigêlta hi. Tambang thuteng pienkhietna pên lâigieldân jieh maimai ahibou a, tuachiin kum tampi jouin atuom dânin ahing kipomdohta hi.

(c). Kum sawtpi kidaitha, kikhenna, kichimatlouna jiehin hâm kihengthei tualeh atuomdeu piengthei hi. Mihing pawl kibahpite toh kichimatlouna jieh, kidâithana jieh, tênna munte kibahtâhlou zieh, tênna gamlât jieh, mun leh muol opdân kibahlou jieh, ahilouleh midangte toh kichimattuona jiehin zong hâm adanglamthei mawh hi. Kihoutuona leh kikhenna asawttâh ziehin kumtampi kikamtuo nawlouta ziehin hâmtuom ahing lêngkhethei hi.

Mexico gam a Spanish khotaneu khat sunga amite hâm khu Latin toh akibang sim nalâi a, ahivangin Latin hâm tahtah lah hituonlou, nanleh Latin thuteng tampi amaute hâm sung ah azeplut u’a azang nalâi uhhi. Kum sawtpi mihing apawl kibahpite toh akichimattuo tâhlou ziehun amaute lahah hâmtuom khat apieng a, tuachiin hâmdang khat nei asuoh uhhi. Hinanleh, amaute hâm sungah Latin thuteng lui tampi atel veve hi.

Zo hâm sunga thutengte tam, tami, tanah khu hi, himi, hiai, hiah, chite khu kum 300-500 (zathum-zanga) masang tuom a ana kiheng hidînga gintâthuoi ahi. Tuachiin; hang khu–>an, hing, hong, hung, a ana kiheng hidîng dâna gintât ahi. Thuteng hang sunga h leh g lâitengte akipaikhiet leh ‘an’ suoh hi. Tami thuteng ‘an’ pên Lushei hâm thuteng ahia, tapên hang, hing, hong, hung china toh kibang veve dân a kisimthei ahi hi. Zo hâm sunga thuteng ’sih’ khu hih, suh, kei a ana kiheng hidînga gintathuoi ahi. Zohâm a lâiteng ’s’ ahilouleh ‘t’ khu ana kihengkha a, Lushei/Hmar hâm in ‘chh’ in gindân in ana kigingsahta hi. Tuachiin, ’suoh’ khu ‘chhuok [chhuak]‘ asuohta a, ‘tou’ pên chho [chhou] asuohta hi.

Zohâm sunga lâiteng ‘g’ khu Lushei/Hmar hâm in ‘r’ gindân in ana kigingsah hi. Tuachiin thuteng ‘gou [go]‘ chipên ‘rou [ro] chiin akigingsah hi. Zohâm a lâitengte ’s’ ’sh’ gindân khu Lushei/Hmar hâm ah ‘th’ gindan in akigingsahta a, tuachiin thuteng ’sing’ khu ‘thing’ asuohta hi. Tabangma in Zohâm a lâitengte ’s, sh’ khu Thadou-Kuki hâm in ‘th’ ahilouleh ‘h’ gindânin akigingsah a, tuachiin ’sing’ khu ‘thing’ chiin akilou a; tualeh ’sih’ khu ‘hih’ chiin zong akigingsah hi. Lushei hâm leh Tedim hâm, Simte hâm, Paite hâm sungah thuteng tawpna lamah nâhkuogin ‘h’ khu akihâman mama hi. Zohâm a tha (new) khu Simte/Thadou hâm in ‘thah’ chiin akigiel a, tualeh akilou a, Hmar leh Lushei ham sungah ‘thar’ chi’n akigiel a akilou let hi. Tuachiin Zo hâm a thuteng dei –>khu Tedim/Paite /Simte hâm in deih asuoh a, kai–>kaih asuoh a,dai–>daih asuoh a,thei–>theih asuoh a,ngil–>ngilh asuoh a,hil–>hilh asuoh a,mama–>mahmah asuoh a,ngai–>ngaih asuoh a, tualeh leh adgdgte zong a om hi. Tualeh, Zohâm a thutengte; ‘mun, ngal, mal, ngil’ chite khu Lushei hâm in’hmun, nghal, hmar, nghil’ asuohhi. Going (vowel) ‘i’ khu oging ‘u’ in akihengtuo uhhi. Tuachiin, Zo hâm a ’sih’ khu Lushei hâm in’suh’ asuoh hi. Tuachiin; hing–>hung a’ng suoh hi. Oging ‘a’ khu oging ‘i, o, u’ in akihengtuo u’a tuachiin; thuteng hang khu–>hing, hong, hung, suoh zel ahi. Zohâm a odâi (consonant) lâiteng ‘h’ pouma a, tawpte pên Tedim/Paite hâm in ‘k’ ah atawp zêl hi. Alelam zong ahithei veve hi. Tuachiin, mah–>mak, lah–>1ak, pah–>pak, sah–>sak, tah–>tak, suoh–>suok, tuoh–>tuok, thuoh–>thuok, puoh–>puok, suh–>suk, tuh–>tuk, thuh–>thuk asuoh hi.

Tahaw pên tênna gamlât jieh, kum tampi ana kichimattuo tâhloujieh u’a hichi banga hâm ogindân tuom hing piengdoh ahibou hi. Zohâm zang mihing pawlte lah ah zong atênna uh ana kibahtâh lou jiehun ahâmteng/kamteng/thutengte uh ana kiheng manta hi.

(d). Hâm kihen mihing ngaina Mihingte’n atênna khuo leh tui hâm azui u’a athei sawm uhhi. Tami khu mihing piendân ngaina ahi. Akhuo-leh-tuite’n apomthei nadîngin tua khomite hâmdân athaw u’a azui zêl uhhi.

Etsahna in; Zopa khat Tedim hâm ahilouleh Paite hâm ahisihleh Simte hâm na khuo khat ah vatêng taleh tua khomite pomthei nadîngin tuapa khu akhomite(amaute) hâm dândânin ahâmsawm dînga,athaw dînga tuachiin kum tampi nua chiengin khum khomite hâm azui a,tualeh apomta dînga, ama hâm apâita ding hi. Nanleh, ama hâmlui sunga thuteng tampi ahing polut dînga tuachiin hâmtha azangta dîng hi. Tua khomite hâm sunga thuteng kibelap sawn asuoh hi. Tuachiin awl-awlnou in kum tampi ahing kiveijou chiengin hâmtha khat ahing piengkheta dînga tualeh ama hâmlui toh kibang sênglou khat ahing piengkhie hi. Ahilouleh, hâmtha vilvel khat apiengkhethei hi.

Zohâm apata hâm tuomtuomte; Tedim, Paite, Simte, Vaiphei, Gangte, Thangkhâl, Khuongnung chite leh adg dgte hing piengkhie hiva chithu upate’n agintât uh thute agên zê uhhi. Nam khat hâm sunga thutengte akithejâh a,tuachia hâm kinâi namte pawl lah ah zah in ahing umthei hi. Theiloukâl in, mihingte’n angâisâng mihing pawlkhatte piendân hâmdân leh a tawndân uh dangdangte ana mêlchi u’a tualeh azuisawm uhhi. Thutengte pawlkhat khu akingâisângte apatin akawm zêl uhhi.

Tuachiin, Lushei hâm a thuteng kikawm khat ahileh ‘fel’ ahia, Zohâm in ‘taima’ china ahi. Tuachiin nichin hâmzah in amangta uhhi. Tuama bangin, tawmngaina, mangai, chanchin, theibufai, chawm, chang, changkang, manmaw, maw, fuh chite ahing kikawmta a, nichin âm na u’ah azang zêl ta uhhi. Tuachiin Zohâm thutengte apung sêmsêm hi.

Zohâm apatin hâm dangdangte in nal leh hoi asah uh thutengte akawm u’a amahaw’a bangin azang let uhhi. Etsahna in; sengseng, diei, dieldiel, vawi, kalaisai chite ahi.

Zohâm kizahdân Namkai, Gamkai, Khokai, Vêngkai, hâmneute (dialects) chituomtuom a um hi. Hâmzahdân chi tuomtuom a um hi. Kammal leh thuteng kibang himananleh akhietna leh akawmu tuomtuom a omthei thou hi. UK gam ah ‘Comprimise’ akijah chiengleh thuteng hoi lampang in akimang hi. Mi kingaingiem gênna in akijang let hi. Compromise chipên kilemna, kituona china in akila hi. Ahivangin,USA gam ah ‘Compromise’ thuteng akijah leh, eima mimal manna lampang akawmu leuleu hi. ‘Compromise’ thuteng khu manna, thalkiana, jawlana, supna lampang in akila hi. UK gam ah ahoi lam in akijang a, USA gam ah supna leh aselam in akijang hi. Ahivangin, azangte’n ahâmte uh akibang in asim nawn sih uhhi. Hâm jattuomdân leh kibahlouna Zo nam khat chikhat zat khat sungah zong a omthei veve hi. Khat veivei leh agamgi akitheikhen tuon sihhi. Okaidân tuomtuom a um a, tuate dungjui in hâmzahdân akitheithei pan hi. Asâng, angiem, a ul,atoukai, khiehsuh, tanggen, hâmkhau, hâmnem, chite a um guol hi. Zohâm khu osuohâm ahijiehin asaukai/saulam, atomlam/atomkai, akhiehsuh, atoukai thutengte/kamtengte aum hi. Tawndân kibang sung khat ah zong pawl khatte’n hâm tuomdeu hâmneute azang uhhi. Hâm apatin mi vêng, mi nam, mi khuo mi hina mi hing puona chite akitheithei hi.

Hâm khat sunga patin zong hâmzahdân tuomtuom leh hâmneute a um a, tuate apatin; Ama; Sugnute, Singtomte, Singngatte, Phaitute, Gamngaite, Tonzangte, Khodaite, Kanante, Anlunte, Behiengte, Hiengtamte, Khaukuolte leh adangdang, chiin akikhenthei nalâi ahi. Khuo leh khuo hâm sungah zong thutengte a unpi in akibang siengta sih hi. Khokhat sungah hâmteleu (colloquial),hâmleng(slang word), hâmsawi(pidgin),hâmneu(dialect) chite a om thei veve hi. Zo sungah zong ama Hâidawi hâm a hâm, ama Thangkhâl hâm a hâm, ama Khuongnung hâm a hâm, ama Khodâi hâm a hâm chite a omthei veve hi.

Tuachiin Lamka Zo, Gunpang Zo, Sugnu Zo, Singngat Zo,Tonjang Zo,Kawlgam Zo chite hâmpawl(dialectical group) tuomtuom umdân in akilangsah hi. Himalehzong, Zou hâm kibang tângpi khat a om a, khum thutengte’n nam khathina leh tawndânte akêmbit a, tuachiin hâmdangte’n akivaltumsah sih uhhi. Atangpiin, guollui hâm leh hâm-upa te’n hâmbul thutengte akêmbit u’a ahina uh leh atawndân uh asuhing uhhi. Atangpiin, enta lei, tunidongin Zou sungah hâm zahdân akibang diemdiem veve nalâi hi. Zolate enkia lei hâm thakhat hidân akilang sêm hi.

Zohâm zahdân tuomtuomte leh Zohâm thuteng kibanglou hinanleh akhietna kibang pawlkhat en vai: Topa, tunou, tami, tam, tan, tanah, pâh; –> Sugnu leh Gunpang suhlangte’n, hinanleh, mi pawikhattte’n ‘Mangpa, belam’ zong azang panta veve uhhi.

Mangpa, belam, hi, himi, hiah, kawt –> Singngat tangtou leh Lamka lamte’n azang uh hi.

Sugnu langte’n tami, tam, tana, tanah, izo, i, om, ahikhu, akhula chite atangpiin azang let uhhi.

Lamka lamte’n hi, hiah, huah, maw, mawleh, um, avele, ave chite azang let uha, hinanleh thu-leh-late agiel chiengun tam, tami, tana, tanah thutengte azang veve uhhi.

Sugnu langte’n ‘ei panpi in ‘ achi let u’a, Lamka lamte’m ‘hing/hung panpi in’ achi zêl uhhi.

Sugnu langte’n ‘nei kithuopi diei? achi let u’a, Lamka lamte’n ‘nang kithuopi diei? achi leng uhhi.

Kinousietnate zong aunpi in, akibang kim sihhi. Sugnu langte’n na ngap ei ? achi u’a,Lamka lamte’n: na ut maw? achi uhhi. Sugnu langte’n kikhutsa vai achi let u’a Lamka lamte’n kichibai vâi achi zêl uhhi.

Gungpang – suh in ‘dam lai maw mataw? Sugnu langte’n ‘na damdam na’i’ achi let u’a,Lamka lamte’n ‘na dam zêl maw’ ahisihleh ‘na dam zêl ei’ achi leng uhhi.. Lamka lamte’n ‘hing’ sângin ‘hung’ ahâjah jaw uhhi.

Hing leh dam thutengte kawmu akibang a lamka lamte theidan in ’shilou’ china ahi.

Etsahna in; ‘Na pa adam na’i? achi chiengun na pa ahing na’i china ahi. Sugnu langte theidanin ‘Na pa adam na’i? achi chiengun ‘Na pa ahat na’i ? china tobangin akijang hi. Tualeh natna neilou lampang toh kisai in akijang hi.

Tualeh, Zohâm a, ophawi osuote bangin hâmdangte in thutengte anei sih uhhi. Zohâm a, osiesuo agildân ahuoisietdân pên hâmdang khata osie agildân leh ahuoisietdânte akibangthei mawngmawng sih hi. Osiehâm zong agamkai, vêng, khuo kaidân dungjuiin akibangkim sih hi.

By Philip ThangLienMang

INNGUO LEH GAMGUO

Pawl miteng,Tu a sanggampa Thawng Thang gen in tulaitah Zo te behthamlo, Sim, Falam, Hakha le Khamtung or Singtaang mite dinmun talangh sah in mu'ng. Aziehpen, I pianna gam Khamtung gam ah ki om nawn lo in, Kawl, Kala, Sen te kawmkal beh ah ki om nawn lo in, Mivom Mikang te kawmkal ah kaipi suangte bangin ii om ua, mimal in khat veivei ii ompi te sangin neizawh le theizawh ii nei phiel ding zongun, a tangpi in, amau theiza, amau neiza ki nei lo thei mawh a hiziehin, amau te kawmkal ah suatat ding hamsa mama theia, ii suatatna dingun amau ham, lai, ngaina le omzia te sin in ii theisiem masang sia uh, amau tawh tan kikim ding hamsa mama dinga, tua ii hanciem na uah, ei ma ham, ngaina le tawn ziate mangngil, theingil ding ol mama, bai mama ding ahi ziehin, ii ham uh a) inn sung kihona ah zangh ding 2) biehpiehna ah zangh ding. Inn sung ham ah ei ma kam limtah iizah thei uh le, mun dang ah zong ei ma ham tawh mite tawh kiho na lem pai ding hi. Gente na'n, Tedim, Kawlpi le mun tuam a om Zo te hon khat in inn sung kiho na ah, i Zo ham zang lo in Sim ham or a dang te zangh ua, Zo ham tawh limtah in i mite hopi thei lo uhi. Pasien i biehna uah, eima ham zangh lei, kammal thupi te theina kibelap sah beh tham lo, Lai Siang Tho "Kam zosie, lei zosie in Zeisu in Topa hi, ci ding " tangtun na hi. Yangon le Khuapi pawl khat a om Singtangmi/ Khamtungmi pastor honkhat in a biehinn uah Pasien biehna le phatna in Kawl ham zangh ua, tua in, Zo ham/ Singtang ham mangngilna ding tha pe nah mama hi. Kawlgam Galkap kumpi ten a khut sielki tum ding uhi. Ham namkim thei in, Vantung mite ham na ngawn thei in eima pianpi ham thei sih valien lei bang ci ding! RC pope ten hampi "major language: English, German, etc" te a thei hangun amau pianpi kam mangngil deh lo uhi. Mivomte White House ah kumpi sem a a to ding tu masang kum 60 lai in, koi man um ngam lo a, tu na ngawn in hi a sa theilo America mikang te honkhat om lai hi. J.F Kennedy in "hlapi tung ah mi i pei sah ding ua, hlapi tung pan leitung dam le bit tah in ang pei kia ding uhi" a ci laitah in mi tawm khat beh in um ci uhi. Zo te sung ah Unau Pawlpi kipat kum 1970s lai te in, tu zo kum 30 pawl cieng Unau Pawlpi sunga om Zote munkhat ah ki tuam khop vai, ci mukholna nei lo ding uhi. Tua mabangin mailam kum bang za pawl cieng ei khat in, Zo RC ang om mel koi in thei! Om malmal sih vah, koi in ci ngam ding! RC history ang lunglut huai semsem ee! U. Kam Khen Mang ci bangin "ZBA, Zo Synod te a om ziehin Zo a om a sih a, tua te a om masangin Zo om zo hi". Ahi'ang, Kawlgam sung uh, Zo ii om lam uh kipawlna tawh a lah masa pen, ZBA ahia, ZBA a om man in Zo piang a hilo hang, ZBA ang pianman in, Zo te geina ang kilang hi. Bang tawh kibang ei ci le, Lawng: Sakol lawng, Bawng lawng ten sakol om na le bawng te om na talangh uhi. I mite a tamzaw'n pianna gam le khua le tui nuasia in gam tuam ah midang te tawh om in midang te ham vive nisiel in zangh ta a hiziehin tu a dan a ii pei suah uh le, I ham man a man lo ding ii gen khol thei lo hangun Zo ham a zangh mi ang tawm semsem ding hi. Kawlgam a a na om ngai, tun a om nawn lo Pyo minamte phawh den gige vai. Vantung or Hell na tun cieng bang ham zangh dingin na kilam en ei? Ahi sih le, na tunpi midang ten bang ham zangh dingin na um ei? Zum: office, sang: school/ university lah ah Zo ham kizangh ngai nawn lo kha ding ahiziehin, inn sung le biehinn a ii ham iizah sih le, piangsawn Zo Vonton ten Zo ham zangh nawn lo ding uhi. Hai gam, haigam ii tung zongun inn sung le Biehiinn ah ii ham zangh uh lei, Zo ham kepcing na'n hoi pen lai dingin ka upna le ka lametna ang at ka hia, gen khiel sut khiel a om le ei na ngaidam ta vua.. Zo Ham, Zo Lai a Pallut semsem ding lunggulna le upna tawh, Hang Do Lian Vantung ii tuncieng

On Thu, 11/12/09, thawng thang wrote:
From: thawng thang
Subject: [puzonet] Inn Guo Le Gam Guo
To: puzonet@yahoogroups .com
Date: Thursday, November 12, 2009, 2:14 PM
INN GUO LE GAM GUO

(by-zoheisathang- new orleans)

Tulaitah in Zomin man maw na dingin Zo Baptist Assosietion ( Z.B.A) le Zo Presbyterian (Zo synod) tamgel inei hi.Adangte pen amun le agam ahun zui i,min tuom tuom inei hi.Bang hita leh a om sate Pasien min tawh kip sahin a omnai lo te ah bang ci ki kaihtuo lei a hoipen diei chi khu lung ngai huoi thu ahi.Leitung pawlpi zosie lah panin Catholic pawlpi sungah unity ompen hi cileih ki khiel in ka um sih hi.Hizong nan leh bang jieh in ZO catholic pawlpi om nailo ci thu zong ZO kam ham Father, Rev, ten thei pen ding hi.Mikam kawma, Pasien bieh nuomsa zaw i mah?A hisih leh ZO nam mawng mawng puotah sa lo ihi ahei? ci zong Zokam ham, Zonam it, Zo catholic ten ngai suthuoi kasa hi.puzonet @yahoogroups. com pen midang ten hon pieh in ka um kholsih hi.Hi zong leh pawl khat ten(english) tawh i at a,pawl khat ten Tedim kam tawh i at hi.Na manglai siem vuh leh na Tedim kam siem vuh pen ahoi na hi.Hi zong nan leh Pasienin minam khat,Haam khat,eina nei sah hi.Mangkaang ten Pasien thu a thei na dingin Mangkaangte ma nazanga,Kawlten Pasien thu a thei na dingin Kawlte ma na zang hi.Zoten Pasien thu a thei na dingin Zote ma nalaam sang hi.Eima leh eima ki puosawmlo in mite vapuo puo cizong Pasien mu nah bang aci diei?A hi sih leh tu laitah Zomin langpan politicians te pawlkhat tawh ki gulluh atadei ci huoi valia hi.Kawlgam a, Pasien na semten Kawlkam azah pen ahi ding ma hi. Khamtung ah Kawlkam kizang nawnlo hi.U.S ah zong ahun zui in pawl khat ten kawlkam zangma nan leh,tu lamlam ciengin kawlkam po leh pawikam po tawh pasien thu gending ahi nawn siha Zoten Zokam ma zanga Pasien thu gen ding ahi ta hi.Miten zong ama haam leh amakam tawh Pasien thu nagen na lel ding hi.Tuo ziehin eizong miham po kawma,Pasien na isep sangin eima neisa eima kamma zangin imi nam ma panpi leih ki zawi tawn pen kasa hi.Mi kaangten zong lamdang sa lo ding hi.U.S ah visa te extension bawlkul nawnlo in I tukhang ita khang om thei ding ihi ta hi.Mailam khang 2/3 ciengin M.D,te Ph.D te tampi inei ta ding a,Tuo ten National level leh world level a na angsep thei na dingin tulai tah a nu le pa ten ita te lampi hoi lampi maan i peipi ding kisam hi. Eima haw ilampi zui amaan sih leh ita te van dawn hol in pil zongin hing ki zang thei lo ding hi.Gamdang tuomtuom tung Zoten Zomin ma bulphu in ministries na bawl vuh lah cin Zo min zong mang nawn lo ding a ngai na leh mi nam te zong kepsa suoh ding hi. Thamlo in Nam le Cii Gam le lei te zong puo thei na hun te hing tungding a,tuo hun ciengin AW na ci zongin hun om ta lo ding hi.Tua zieh in tuo ki pan in Gamguo na puo sangin Inngou na puo lah cin NA NAA LAW BEEH zaw ding hi.

An outline of the evolution of dialects and languages among the Kuki-Chin group of people.

Dr. Kham Do Nang in his ‘Upto date history of Zo tribes’ traces the begi-nning of the dialects and clans among the Kuki-Chin linguistic group of people. I have further researched the beginning of Zo dialects and clans adding some historical facts. We shall discuss them one by one.

The Beginning of Zo dialects and clans
Zote descendants are supposed to be the main root and the heir of Pu Zo or Pu Jou. Pu Jou was a king in Tibet circa 2000 B.C.

Teizang Dialect and Clan
The Teizâng people are believed to have originated from legendary settlement of Ciim Nuai village in about 1450 A.D, first settling at Luika village from there they moved forward to established Teizang village which is nearby the present Mualbem village in circa 1500 A.D. The name is derived from a kind of tropical hardwood tree called ‘Tei Síng’ which grew in a small plain(zâng) areas. So, Teizâng means ‘plain area where Tei trees grow’.There are sixteen villages inhabited by a population of about 10,000(ten thousand) in Tedim township. The Sukte family is the most famous people among the Teizang people or clan. It is told that Chief Hau Chin Khup even learned the Teizâng language when he started to rule his province. The famous Chief Kaih Mang, Khan Thuam, Kamhau and Hau Chin Khup were from Mualbem vilage. Many high ranking officers have hailed from Mualbem village. It is said that there are more than 40(forty) houses of Tungdim family of Pu Zo descendants living in Mualbem village today. It is told that the clever legendary Pu Penglam himself spoke Teizâng dialect.[P-176-77]

The Beginning of Sihzang dialect and clan

In about 1450 A.D Pu Suantak with his eldest son Pu Nge Ngu and party shifted to Ngal Phei village which is the place where the state middle school of Saizang village is situated. In the midst of Ngal Phei village therei is a small plain in which a salt spring called SIH appeared. SIH means salt spring and Zaang means plain. So, Sihzaang means a plain in which salt spring exists. Therefore, the people who were living around this salt spring in those days were called Sihzaangmi but not Siyinmi. The Britishers recorded them as Siyin. When they were about 80 houses in Ngap Phei, Vaipigaal pushed them further. Pu Nge Ngu and his party founded Suantak village, Pu Suante founded Kalzang village, Pu Sie Vang Samte founded Hâichîn village and Pu Tungnung of Tungdim family founded Khuongnung village.It seems that Pu Suantak and his sons did not speak Sihzang language because; All of their sons were not the style of Sihzang song, but the style of Zote songs only. The sons of Pu Nge Ngu and their descendants, Mulpi, Hanthual, Guizo, Hawlhang and Kunhen of the sons of Pu Neizo and their descendants are speaking Zote language and are practising Zo customs and cultures upto this day. So, the Sihzang language might have started from the sons of Pu Lamtam and the same level clans of their relatives in about the year 1500 A.D. The Sihzaang language originated from Zote language and later it got mixed up with the Ngawn and Teizâng languages, perhaps due to intra-tribal, inter-clan and tribal warfares.[P-179-180]. Among the Tedim people Sihzaang and Zote are the most closely related people that there are so many identical customs, cultures, names of things and goods, some manners and dealings. This is because the rest of the present Zote populations belong to the descendants of Pu Nge Ngu and Pu Neilut who wre the sons of Pu Suantak. Sihzaang people are scattered in places like Kalemyo, Tahan, Yangon and as a race namely Sailo in Mizoram state of India. Vaiphei people are so close to Sihzaang and Zote people. Vaiphei people are living in Tamu township and in Manipur state in India. Sihzaang people are about 5,000 in number and are living in fourteen villages in Tedim township at present; Khuasak, Thuklai, Buanman, Bekan, Liimkhai(Bung), Liimkhai(Zo), Pumva, SuangDaw, Theizang, Dawl luang, Lophei, Duh Mang, Khai kam and Voklaak.The Sailo people; Sihzaang descendants of Tedim people In about 1600 A.D, a Sihzaang lad went up to Seipi village in Falam township, to sell earthenware pto or clay pot (cooking pot). He married a Seipi village girl and lived in a hut by the road at the edge of the village. Their first born son was very handsome so much so that the villagers said, “Tu fa nge ni ava tha ngerngur ve” in Hualngo dialect meaning ‘whose son is this, handsome boy’. So, he was known as ‘Tha Ngura’. When they bore their second son they named him ‘Zadenga’ meaning ‘hundred stones thrown at’ by the villagers who used to scoffed at them and the village boys used to throw hundreds of stones at their house. When their third son was born they said that no one should trouble them, so they named him ‘Sailoa’ in Hualngo dialect. The Haka people of Thaangkhua village requested the Seipi chief to give them one headman, but the Hualngo people did not want to become the headman of Thaangkhua, so they sent ThaNgur and his family to be the headman of that village. The villagers paid him an yearly tribute of a handful of paddy. The Sailo people are known as a noble tribe. They are living in Mizoram state and that they are influenced by the Mizo cultures and language. But in fact, they are Sihzaang descendants of Tedim people and especially very close to the descendants of Pu Nge Ngu.[P-182-183].

The Beginning of Thado Dialect and Clan

Thado clan is known to be the first settlers of Ciim Nuai. The name of the Thado headman of those days was Do Ngel(Aisaan Pa). The Thado people had lived first in places where the Tedim people settled down to their villages later. The Thado descendants of nowadays believe that they are descendants of the ThaDumin of a Burmese king. Thado people are scattered in both Myanmar and in India. They are largely to be found in India. The Indian Thado people are quite developed that they even participate in Indian Army as high ranking officers and there are many educated people among them. In Myanmar the Thado descendants are living in both Tonzang and Tamu township. In Tonzang township they are living in Hangken, Humnuai, Baalbil, Hiangzaang, Singpiel and some other villages. We are told that Zote, Thado, Sihzaang people are one group among the Zo tribes.I realize that the Thado and Zote descendants are quite closely related due to geographical and social proximity, it is a fact that, even today the Mantuong, Mate, Taithul, Phiemphu, Tungdim, Tungnung and some other Zote clans are living among the Thado descendants upto this day in India and Myanmar. He noted that the Thado descendants aslo live in Kale valley with other Zo tribes until the year 1374 A.D. So, the Thado language came into being or started from circa 1400 A.D, from the time their elders settled down in Ciim Nuai village.[P-183-184]

The Beginning of Vang Teh Dialect and Clan

We are told that the first Ciim Nuai headman was Do Ngel(AisaanPa) of Thado people. And the second headman was Guite people. Among the Guite people Neih Guk, Ngaite separated into two families such as Vang Aw and Vang Kawm as they are known today. Vahui family founded Kaalzang Botung, the former Vang Teh village which is situated somewhere between Dimpi to Vang Teh road and Saizaang to Vang Teh road and about three miles from the present Vang Teh village. They took Pu Kulh Gen the younger brother of Pu Mang Suum of Guite people from Ciim Nuai village to be their chief in Kaalzang Bo Tung village. Pu Gen Dong the son of Pu Kulh Gen founded Khuum Nuai village of the present Vang Teh village. This village is situated below the Khuum mountain that they called this village; Khuum Nuai village ‘the village below Khuum mountain’.When the British forces led by General Founce and Major Raike captured the Sial Lum camp in 1889, they captured Vang Teh village too on the same day. A British soldier happened to ask a man who was measuring his house, about the name of the village, he thought that he was asking him what he was doing to that he is said to have answered ‘Vaang ka Teh’. So, the British soldier recorded it as if it were the name of that village. In those days, the village had about one hundred and thirty houses and its headman was Pu Kaai Thawng. So, the beginning of Vang Teh dialect might have started in about the year 1889, when they Britishers captured the village. It might have started from the time Pu Gen Dong founded Khuum Nuai village. Some people say that the Vang Teh people are known as Guite descendants and Neih Guk, Ngaih Te of Vang Aw and Vang Kawm families.Vang Teh people are found in villages such as; Thang saan, Tuizaang, Pakzaang, Kapteel, Heilei, Tuitawh, Tuimaang, Bapi, Paangzaang, Tuipi, Dak Dung and also among the Zahau people in Falam Township. Moreover, they are living in Mualpi, Teikhang, Phuaizaang, Lailo, and Tonglong villages in India.Vahui family migrated to Tui San village below Valung village of Falam township and Voklaak village. And they are now living in Taakkhawl(Duh Mang) village somewhere between Khuasak and Dak Dung village and this is still called the province of Va Hui Family.[P-1185-187].

The Beginnning of Saizaang dialect and clan

Saizang is a place somewhere southeast and below the present Saizang village. Saai means ‘worm wood’, the name of onekind of a bitter plants and zaang means ‘plain’. So, Saizang means ‘a plain of worm wood’. In about 1500 A.D, some of our ancestors founded it from Ciim Nuai. The Saizang people are scattered in thirteen villages such as; Saizang, Kapteel, Tuitawh, Phaiza, Lailo, Tualzang, Teklui, Thangzang, Vongmual, Aipha, Hiang Awn, Thal mual,and Tuisan zaang. They are also found in Tonzang, Kalemyo, and Tamu townships. Their populations is about 10,000. Thus, the Saizang dialect and clan might have started from the year their elders lived in Saizang village in about 1500 A.D.[P-189]. Saizang headmen were: 1. Thado 2. Guite 3. Thawmte(Mangsuum his wife was a demon named Kom Kiim 4. Tawmbing 5. Gualnam 6. Sukte.

Dim dialect and Dim Clan

Dim means a pond and that pond is situated somewhere below the present DimLo village and there is a small plain where a salt spring exists, where there is a muddy pond. In about 1500 A.D, their elders founded Dim village from Ciim Nuai. The people lived in this Dim village are called Dim people from that time.They are scattered in villages such as Dimpi, DimLo, Laitui, Sezaang, Tungzang, Tuichin lui, Muizawl and some other villages numbering about 10,000.
Tedim Dialect and Clan

In 1857, after the Lushai and Manipuri wars were over, there lived Teizang, Dim, Zo, Vaiphei, Thado, Gangte and Paihte people in Tedim and the number of households grew upto 300. When these different dialects and customs lived together, they knew they need a more usable relationship between them. And the Tedim dialect was born from these different dialects Teizang, Dim, Zo and Vaiphei. This Tedim dialect started to be used in 1860 A.D. And the Kamhau bye-law also was borne and it was used within the Kamhau province only. He listed the committee member who founded the Tedim dialect and the Kamhau Customary law which were patronized by the British rulers, as Messrs. Pau Vum Sukte, Khoi Lam Hatzaw, Mang Gin Hatlangh, Kimthuam Zilom, Pau Am Samte, Chin Kim Samte, Tel Khat Thomte.[Page 174-175].

Khuano Dialect and Clan

Pu Hau Chin Khup gave the following thriteen villages to one of his beloved uncle Do Thawng to collect tributes and taxes.They are; Mualbem, Vangteh, Dimpi, Dimlo, Suangpi, Phunom, Pangzang, Phaileng, Zangzawl, Dakdung, Buam, Thangnuai, Takkhawl. Pu Do Thawng named those 13(thirteen) villages as ‘Khua No Kual’. The Khuano and Khuano clan began to developed as a different linguistic realm since 1890 A.D.[Page 175-176].
The Beginning of Khuongnung dialect and Simte clans In the early part of 1860s due the constant inroads of Pu Khanthuam into the Zo territorial villages many Zo clans were displaced in the regions and across the Indian side of the borders. There were a lot of transborder migrations in search of better pastures and freedom from the heavy taxes imposed by the Sukte rulers of Chin Hills.The Zo people established Khuongnung village under the chieftainship of Pu Tungnung in circa 1450 A.D as proven by his folksongs. Later on, sometime before the rise of the Sukte rulers, the Khuongnung people(now called Simte in India) faced a lot of inter-tribal wars against the Poite, Hualngote and others so they invited Pu Hanghil to send one able son to be their chief. So, Pu Manlun became the chief of the Khuongnung people. About 1843 A.D, while Pu Langza was the chief of Khuongnung, they were attacked by Pu Khanthuam, and so they migrated to Singpitam later on again they migrated to Indian side of the border settling in the villages of Behieng, Hiengtam, Tonzang, Zomun, Singat, Muallum etc. and in Thanlon, Aina, Milongmun, Zotung, Sumtuh etc. While, the Samte families and some Tungdim clans continued to stay on. The Simte or Khuongnung language must have developed due to intermarriages beginning circa 1850 A.D from the intermingling of Zo clans and Simte ‘southerners; clans in course of their migrations because of intra-clan and inter tribal conflicts.

The Beginning of Thangkhal dialect and clans
In circa 1700 AD Pu Thangkhup founded Thangkhal village.Till the time of the Sukte rule, Pu Za Gen and his families lived in it. In 1873 A.D Pu Za Gen founded Khaukuol village from Thangkhal. The Sukte rulers invaded the village in about 1887 A.D and they captured it and imposed heavy taxes on the villagers. The Sukte soldiers settled in the village intermarried with Zote girls, thus, was born what is known as a pidgin or creole of Zo language in linguistic terminology. Therefore, Thangkhal language is a curious mixture of Zo, Simte(Tedim) and Thado-Kuki speeches. While Zatual was ruling the village there were some misunderstandings among the villagers that all Zote descendants immediately left the village in 1863 A.D and they shifted to Thaangkaai province in villages such as Taitam, Theizuan, Khiangkan, Tual khiang, Khenzui, Cingtu. Pu Zatual completely burnt down Thangkhal village in circa 1868 A.D. The Zote shifted to Buanmual, Bizang, Sielmei, Phaisat, Aisih, Philang, Talai, Mualkawi, Mulam, Tuidam, Singheu, Saiboh and other villages.[P-122]. One interesting case history which proves the splitting or divergence of dialectical groups from the Zo/Zou or other main linguistic family is found in the contradictory tribal polarisation amongst the Thangkhal dialectical groups or clans; Tungnung, Suantak Dopmul, Manlun, and the Mate and some Thado clans, though, historically they are considered one and the same group of people who settled at Thangkhal village, recently there has been splits in their ideologies and their concept of tribe and language. On the other hand, the Thangkhal tribe movement has gained momentum recently due to various socio-economic and political factors. While, Thangkhal tribe is founded purely on basis or language or linguistic identity, whereas the Mate tribe which is demanding tribe recognition does not possess a common language like the Thangkhal tribe, large chunk of their population are still Thado-Kuki speakers, only time will tell how many tribes emerge out of Kuki-Chin linguistic groups in the coming years.

Philip Thanglienmang M.A(Linguistics)