Roman kumpi khanlet lâi in kum 400 AD huntuom in tu-a Mângkam[English] kamzang mite Europe gam mâllam lahtuom ah akithezâh uhhi. Amahaw’n Kam khat a na zang u’a tuami pên ‘Low German’ kam akichi hi. Nam tuomtuom ahijieh un hâm tuomtuom in ana hâm uhhi. Tua namte min khu Angles,Saxons, leh Jutes te ahi uhhi.
A unpi un Anglo-Saxonte a na kichi uhhi. Romante toh kinâitên ton ahiman un Romante khantouna ana mu masa uhhi.Roman summêtbawlte amahaw lah ah avazinta u’a ava kihal ta uhhi.Romante khantouna la in summêtbawlna khuolzinna sahkhuo biehna jiehin Romante Kam Latin kammal tampi ana zang leng u’a tuachiin amauhte’a a suohsah uhhi.
Etsahna; Latin kam a pat Mângkângte kammal a kawmte uh en vai;
Kettle,wine,cheese,butter,cheap,plum, gem,bishop,church chite ahi hi.
Kum 500 AD tuomlah in Romante akengiemta uhhi. Gothete in Romante Mediterranean tuipi gei a gamte) asim u’a anuoinet ta uhhi. Anglo-Saxonte’n Britain a simsuh(raid,attack) uhhi.
Britain pên AD 43 apatin Romante khut neiah ana om uhhi. Celt mite a nuoinetzou un Britain gam sungah Roman Uhpi(governor) a koi vuhhi.Tua hun lâiin,Scotland,Wales, leh Ireland gam sungteng ah Celt mite zalên lâi uhhi. British tuikuolgamte lah ah Romante uhna ana pei sih hi.
Khum nam gumte doudâlna dîngin Romante’n kulpi ana lam uhhi.Britain gam pên Roman Kulpi a na kichi hi. Latin kam khu mipite kihoumatna kam(lingua franca) ana kijang tuon sih hi. Zum leh uhna toh kisaina lampang ah Latin kam mai a na kizang let hi. Nâutâng te’n Celtic kam a zang thouthou uhhi. France(Gaul) leh Spain gam sung bangin Latin kam mipite’n ajang uhhi.
Kum zanga(500)AD tuomin Romante in Britain gam sungah buoina tampite ana tuohta uhhi. Nam tuomtuomte’n Britain a’ng simta uhhi. Anglo-Saxon te’n zong suolam tuipi gam asim panta uhhi. Roman uhpina(Empire) sung gamchin ah helna apiengta hi.
Kum 410AD in England gam sungah Roman uhhpina a'ng beita hi.
Kum 600 AD ma in English chi dîng bangma record ana om sih hi.
English kam chithum a khenthei ahi;
a)Old English(Mangkam hâm kunglui) 600-1100 AD
b)Middle English( Mangkam hâm lâi) 1100-1450AD
c)Modern English(Mangkam hâm tha) 1450/1500
Mangkam hâm kunglui(600- 1100AD).
Kum 700 AD Northumbrian kisiemphatna hunlâi in English kunglui a’ng khangtou hi.
La minthang Beowulf khum hunlâi in ana kiphuo a ana kigieldoh ahi.
Tam bân ah Mercia gam lâilungte a’ng khangkhie uhhi.
Kum 800 AD tuomin Wessex-West Saxonte a’ng khanglien uhhi.
Alfred Lunmâng a’ng khangkhie hi. Ama’n siem zilnate ana ngâikhawh mama hi.
Zilna lam a Siempa ana kichi hi.Sânginn tampi ana phutkhie a, tualeh ana tawm hi. Ama’n Latin lâibu tampite English(mangkam) in ana ledoh hi.
Kum 866AD in Norse gâlhângte England suolam gam ah gâlsât dîngin a’ng pemta uhhi.
Alfred in ana doudâl let hi. Wessex lêng Alfred in a na dou gige hi.
Kum 877AD in kilemna suoi khat ana kâi uhhi. Tuami kilemna pan in gamgi ana bawl u’a tumlam Wessex ana kichi a, suolam Danelaw a na kichi hi.
Norsete kam leh English a’ng kihalkhawm simta hi. A kamhâm uh ana kibang sim ve ana hi leh kilawm dânin akithei hi. Norse hâmtengte Mangkam in akawmte ahileh;
Sky,give, law,egg,outlaw,leg,ugly,scant,sly,crawl, scowl,take,thrust,they,their,them leh adangdang tampi om nalâi hi.
Romante huoina neia Latin kamteng a kawmte uh ahileh; cheese,butter,bishop,kettle,angel, candle,priest,martyr, radish, oyster,purple,school, spend leh adangdang ahi.
Mangkam hâm lâi(1100-1450AD)
Kum 1000 apat 1200 kikâl sungin Mangkam kunglui pên Mangkam lâi a’ng suohta hi.
Normante Britain aluota uhhi. Normante ahileh Scandinavia gam apata hing kipandoh uh ahi. Normante toh a’ng kisuhkhawm chiengun Mangkam kunglui pên a’ng kihleng tam mama ta hi. Mangkam leh Normante kamhâm a’ng kihal tam tâh ziehin Mangkam pên a’[ng hâusa mama ta hi.
Kum 1066AD jou in Normante’n France mâllam ah vâihawmna ana tu uhhi.
Amahaw’n French kam ana jang uhhi. Kum 1066 AD in Duke William in Britain ana nuoinetta hi.
Kum tampi Britain ana uhhi. French kamhâm zang Normante pên uhpite leh mângte in ana pang uhhi. Tualeh, French kam pên zumpi kam(official language) ana kijang a; mângte kam, kihâusate kam, miliente kam, lâisiemte kam, in ana kijang hi. Ahivangin, minâutângte’n kihoumatna kam in ana jang sih uhhi. Mangkam pên minâutângte kam ana hi veve hi. Khuchiin,Mangkam pên nampi(national) kam in ana omthei na lâi veve hi.
Normante’n England gam sungah kum tampi vâihawmna ana puo uhhi. Khumjiehin, Mangkam pên nâhpitahin ana kilheng lamdang mama hi. French kamteng nempi ana kawmkawm uhhi. Khumjiehin, Mangkam pên a’ng hâusa mama ta hi. Tunidongin, French kamteng tampite Mangkam in akipom ta hi. Tuni dongin zong French kamham pên kam nina(second language) mun ah pang nalâi hi.
Mangkam in French kamteng a kawmte;
Sahkhuo/biehna toh kisai thutengte; parson, sermon,baptism,inscense,crucifix,religion
Kumpi lam thutengte; parliament,alliance, majesty, treaty, tax,government
Nêh-leh-tâh thutengte; veal, beef, mutton,bacon, jelly,peach, lemon, cream,biscuit,
Zêmte; blue, scarlet, vermilion
Inntên thutengte; curtain,chair,lamp, towel,blanket, parlour,
Ki-apmaina thutengte; dance, chess, music, leisure, conversation
Lâilam thutengte; story, romance,poet, literary,
Pilna lam thutengte; study, logic, grammar, noun, surgeon,anatomy, stomach.
Thuteng maimaite;mice,second,very,age,bucket,gentle,final,fault,flower,
cry,count, sure,move,surprise,plain leh adangdang kum 1100 apat 1500 in ahing luonglut ahi.
Kum 1100 leh 1500 kikâl sungin French kamteng tampi Mangkam sungah ahing kigollutta hi. Ogindân leh hâmdân zong a kiheng tuonsih hi.
Mangkam Hâm tha(1450-1600AD);
Ogingte kihen lamdangna
Kum 1400 leh 1600 kikâl sungin Mangkam ‘Ogingte(vowels)’ pawlkhat ahing kiheng lamdangdohta hi.
Chaucer Mangkam leh Shakespeare Mangkam osuodân(phonetics,sound) a na kibang sih hi.
Chaucer in ogingte pandân dungjui in kamtengte alawdân apawtsah a, agingsah hi.
Etsahna tam anei ate kammal ni in a gingsah hi; name,dance,wine,stove,liked
Shakespeare hun in oging ‘e’ pên a sipsah a, kammal khat maimai dânin a kigingsah hi.
Chaucer in kamtengte ni in a gingsah hi. Etsahna in ; laughed(laf-fed),seemed(sî-met),
stored(sto-red),wine(wi-ne) chite kammal ni(two syllable word) in
ana gingsah hi.Shakespeare in ogin khat in ahing gingsah hi. Oging nivei kilou lâi pên ogin khat ahing suoh hi.Tachibangin kamteng atûltûl in ana kilheng sienggawp mai hi.
Mangkam kiheng lamdang khat kia ahileh; Ogingte okaidân ahi.
Mangkam hâm lâi( Middle English) hunin etsahna in ‘Name’(na-me) pên tu-a ‘na me,father’ kilawdân in ana kilou hi. Wine pên ‘wîn’ kilawdân in ana kilou hi.
Etsahna in Mangkam sungah thuteng ‘wine’ khu tu-a ‘wean’ kilawdân bangin a na kilou a, chipên ‘bine’ khu tu-a ‘been’ lawdân in na kigingsah zêl hi.
He pên ‘hey’ kilawdânin a na kilou hi. Mouse pên moose dânin in a na kilou hi.
Moon pên moan dânin a na kilou hi. Hinanaleh, Mangkam hâm tha hun sungin tambang ogingte telna kamtengte pên a kilawdân ahing tuom deuta hi.
Wine pên ‘wâin’ chi in ahing gingta a, dine pên dâin chiin ahing gingta a, bine pên bâin chiin ahing gingta hi. Mouse pên mâos chiin ahing gingta a, moon pen mûn chiin ahing gingta hi.
Tambang ogingte chinteng zousie telna poupou khu a kilawdân a na kihleng kuol sieng ta hi.
Tamte ziehin Mangkam lâi leh Mangkam hâm tha ahing tuom simta a, a kibang sêng nawnlou in a kithei hi. Ogingte zahdân zong ahing tuom sim ta hi.
Okaidân khu tambang okai kamteng tengteng ahing kihlengsah ta hi.
Khum ziehin,Ogingte gindân dîng bangin kamteng tampi ahing gingta sih hi.
Ahivangin in French, Italian, ahisihleh Spanish kam a na sim chiengin bine ,wine,dine chite pên Mangkam a mean,seen, been, teen kilawdân in a kigingsah hi; chipên bine khu bîn chi in a kiginsah a, dine khu dîn chiin a kigingsah a, wine khu wîn chiin akiginsah hi.Tambang ogingte okaidân kikhêl lamdang ziehin Mangkam pên ahing tuom deudeu dohta hi.Tam atunga Ogingte chini a kihlen lamdang na ziehin Mangkam lâi leh Mangkam tha a kibahlouna ahing pieng ta hi. Mangkam lâi leh Mangkam tha a kibahlouna atungate I gênte zieh ahi hi.
Mangkam kikhêlna azieh nempi a om lâi hi.
Kum 1500 leh 1800 kikâl sungteng in England gam ah khahlawna 'Rennaissance’ kichi ana tung hi.Mite lungsim leh ngaituona ana khangtou mama hi. Thusimte,Pilnate,ngaituonate,leh tuottheina tuomtuomte a na sâng mama a, kamteng thatha zong tampi na piengkhie hi.
French,Latin,Greek kam apatin kamteng tampite ana kawm uhhi.
Kamteng a na kawmte uh ahileh tam aneite ahi;
Pedestrian,bonus,anatomy,contradict,climax,dictionary,benefit,multiply,exist,paragraph,initiate,scene,inspire, chite na hi hi.
Mangkam a lâigiel minthang Pu.William Shakespeare hunlâi in tu-a ‘reason’ chia kigiel pên ‘raisin’ chiin na giel uhhi. ‘Face’ khu tu-a ‘glass’ ogindân in a na gingsah uhhi. Kamteng’ should, would, psalm,palm, sunga tel ‘l’ pên zong a na kilou let hi.
Kum 1611 AD in King James Bible ana kisunkhie hi. Tualâi in, kamteng ‘thou,thee,thy, minsêlte a na kizang let hi.Tu’n zong thungetna leh Bible deitêl dawng ah a kizang na lâi hi.
Kamtengte ‘Hath leh ‘doth’ tu-a has leh does china na ahi hi.
Dictionary:
Kum 1603 AD in English Mangkam Dictionary masapên ana kisunkhie hi. Tuami sungah kamteng 2500 a om hi.
Samuel Johnson in kum 1755 in Mangkam Dictionay hoijaw leh sâjaw ana sundoh hi.
America ag Noah Webster in kum 1828 in Mangkam Dictionary ana sundoh hi.
Oxford Englsih Dictionary volume 12 sutna in kum 75 vingveng alut hi. Lâisiem tampite in ana ngaituo uh ahi. Kumzabi 18 lâi in Latin Grammar ettê in English Grammar ana siemkhie uhhi. Latin model(ettêna) jui in Grammar ana kisiemdoh hi.
Kum 1500 lâiin Mangkam pên mi tawmnou khatte kamzah ana hi hi.Tuikuolgam neunou khat sunga nam khat kam maimai ana hibou hi.
Ahi’nlah tunichiengin Mangkam pên billion khat vêl kamzah ahita hi.
American English kichi khat a tuomdeu a om a, New Zealand English kichi zong a om a,British English kichi a om a, Indian English kichi zong a om leuleu hi. Tualeh adangdangte zong a om nalâi hi.
Kikawmtuona ahoi ziehin Mangkam pên akhang akhang in akhanglien a, leitung pumpi ah akithêzâhta hi. Tuchiengin Mangkam pên a kihleng sêng nawnkhol ta sih hi.
Kamzah tuomtuomte om mananleh Mangkam khu akihawmzâh nawnta sih hi.
Kam pên mihing pawlkhatte omdân leh tawndân tângpi a kawmu leh apuo hi.
Tawndân kêmbittu khu kamzah ahi.Tângthu-tuonthu leh sahkhuo biehdânte khu Kam in ana kêmbit hi.
Kam khu suikhietthei ahia,pilna dangte banga sutthei khenkhietthei tualeh têthei apei dân tângpi khat mukhietthei tual;eh dân bawl thei ahi.
Kam zahdân chi tuomtuom a om hi.
Okaidân tuomtuom a o m a, tuate dungjui in kamzahdân akitheithei pan hi. Asâng,angiem,a ul, a toukâi,khiehsuh,tanggên chite a om guol hi.
Etsahna in; Na nasep na jouta’i? Na nasep na jouta’i?
Ka bawl dîng(to do) ka thei sih hi.(-----------)
Ka bawl dîng(to do ) ka thei sihhi.(--)
Kamhâm pilna =linguistic science ;
Kam khatpou khu a piendân leh a kiguoldân ama zie toh a om hi. Atuompouna khat akinei chiet hi. Tami Kamzah sungah midangte kamzah toh kisûn zong tampi a om d^ing hi. Hâmkam kinâite ahi uh leh kamzah khat in ama tuompouna akinei hi.Mangkam leh Zoukam peidân tampi akisûnlou(dissimilar) a om a, a Grammar zong akituoh chet sih a,akibultuo chet thei sih hi. Mangkam Grammar khu Zo Grammar toh ataw-alu kituoh lien in a kibul thei sih hi.
Kam khat khu buching I chi leh tam anei hinate a nei ngâi hi.
Tam atunga hinate toh I gêlkhawm uh English kam pên a dumdal mama a, kihleng thimthem anep-anawi tam mama a, khuziehin Mangkam Grammar pên buchinglou(not systematic,unscientific,incomplete) in a kimukhie hi.
Traditional Grammar Tângthu
English Grammar khu Rennaissance(khahlawna) hun lâi a ana piengkhie ahi.Middle Age mailing apat Khahlawna hun kipat lam in Europe gam ah Kamhâm(diaclect) tuomtuomte ahing khangkhie hi.Tuate khu lâigielna leh tângthu tuomtuomte ah ana kimang let hi. Itlay gam ah Dante in lâi tampi ana gieldoh hi. England gam ah Chaucer in lâibu tampi ana giel hi. Latin kam pan Grammar simna in ana zang uhhi. Tuachiin English Grammar masapên Pu. Ben Johnson in ana gieldoh hi. Pu. Ben Johnson simlou English Grammarian adangte zong Latin kam ana zil u’a ana siem chiet uhhi.Greek kam zong ana thei uhhi. Khujiehin a neulâi u’a pat in Latin kam ana zil u’a tualeh amaute kamhâm sângin ana nâh ngâisângjaw uhhi.
Khujiehin Latin Grammar pên kamhâm khat sânga lienjaw(superior) leh sângjaw(higher) in ana tuot uhhi.
Khahlawna hunlâiin ahisihleh kum 1700 lâi tuom in mihing lâisiem khat photphot in Latin kam in degree(dikri) ana la hi. Latin kam ana hâzah uhhi. Akihoutuona un ana zang uhhi.
Dr.Samuel Johnson in Latin kam a dikri ana lâh lou vângin Latin leh Greek kum thum(3) ana zil suoh a, Latin leh Greek kam in Late(poems) tampite ana phuo hi.
Khujiehin tua lâisiemte’n Latin Grammar khu etton(norm) in ana mang u’a ana zang u’a English Grammar zong Latin Grammar toh kizawitawn in apeidân tângpi khat Latin kam toh ana têhkâh u’a nan bultuo uhhi. Latin et dungjuiin English Grammar ana sutuo toutou uhhi. Akibahna,akisutna,akibultuo theina leh akilemtuonate ana enkhie u’a tuachiin Traditional English Grammar ana siemdoh u’a ana piengsah uhhi.Tam khu ahileh kum 1600 leh 1700 hunlâi ana hihi.
Mangkam leh Latin pên Indo-European kam innkuon khat ahimanin akibahnate nempi a om veve hi.
Ahivangin, Latin Grammar etton a kinei jiehin kamteng tampi in kikhêlna(change) ana nei hi.
Tua zieha lâisiem pawlkhatte’n tuabanga kamtengte kikhêlnate apona mama u’a- kampâu kiemsuhna(degradation) in ana tuot uhhi.Indo-European kam innkuon (language family) lah a Arab, Hebrewte kam chilou in zong kam dangdante’n zong Grammar kamteng thuteng kammal thumal guoldân akinei chiet uhhi.
Tone-language(osuokam)
Suolam gam ah(oriental) leh North America ah osuokam azang uhhi.
Kamteng kikhâikhawm Africa gam ah a om hi.Tambang kam zangte’n English Grammar toh kituohtah in Grammar anei khol sih uhhi. Zokam zong tam osuokam lah a tel khat veve ahi.
Khum zieha Grammar siemte’n Universal Grammar ahisihleh Grammar dihpên kichi leitung mihing kamhâm zangte lah ah a om sih hi achi uhhi. Kam suikhietna dîngin hâmmawl(primitive language) khat sunga lâigieldân a thei sih hi. Khujieha kamzilte’n hâmmawl sunga apatin a theikhiet thei tampi a mukhie uhhi. Kamhâm pên hâm khat apata ahing piengkhie ahi. Kam khat a kikhêlnate zong kamhâm apat hing kipan ahi.
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